Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 on insulin resistance induced using tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells and on the KK-A Y mouse noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. Methods and Results: The treatment using HY8101 improved the insulinstimulated glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 via the insulin signalling pathways AKT and IRS-1(Tyr) in TNF-a-treated L6 cells. HY8101 increased the mRNA levels of GLUT4 and several insulin sensitivity-related genes (PPAR-c) in TNF-a-treated L6 cells. In KK-A Y mice, HY8101 decreased fasting insulin and blood glucose and significantly improved insulin tolerance. HY8101 improved diabetes-induced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels and increased the muscle glycogen content. We observed concurrent transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle tissue and the liver. In the skeletal muscle tissue, the glycogen synthesis-related gene pp-1 and GLUT4 were up-regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. In the liver, the hepatic gluconeogenesis-regulated genes (PCK1 and G6PC) were down-regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. Conclusions: Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 can be used to moderate glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in mice and in cells. Significance and Impact of the Study: Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 might have potential as a probiotic candidate for alleviating metabolic syndromes such as diabetes.

Genome-editing tools including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system have been applied to improve the quality of staple, oilseed, and horticultural crops with great accuracy and efficiency compared to conventional breeding. In particular, the CRISPR method has proven to be a feasible, cost-effective and versatile tool allowing precise and efficient editing of plant genomes in recent years, showing great potential in crop improvement. Until now, various genome-edited crops with enhanced commercial value have been developed by not only global companies but also small laboratories in universities, suggesting low entry barriers with respect to manpower and capital. In this study, we review the current applications of genome editing technologies to improve the nutritional and functional quality and preferred traits of various crops. Combining this rapidly advancing genome-editing technology and conventional breeding will greatly extend the potential of genome-edited crops and their commercialization.

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