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Background Organism body size is a basic characteristic in ecology; it is related to temperature according to temperature-size rule. Butterflies are affected in various aspects by climate change because they are sensitive to temperature. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the effect of an increase in temperature due to global warming on the wing of butterflies. Results A total of 671 butterflies belonging to 9 species were collected from 1990 to 2016 in Seoul (336 specimens) and Mokpo (335 specimens). Consequently, as the mean temperature increased, the wing length of the species increased. However, there are exceptions that the Parnassius stubbendorfii, Pieridae canidia, and Pieris rapae wing length of Seoul increased, but the butterfly wing length of Mokpo decreased. Conclusions The positive correlations between the butterfly wing length and mean temperature showed that the change of mean temperature for about 26 years affects the wing length of butterfly species. The exception is deemed to have been influenced by the limited research environment, and further studies are needed. We would expect that it can be provided as basic data for studying effect of climate change.

Background The reference protocol for the quantification of coronary artery calcium (CAC) should be updated to meet the standards of modern imaging techniques. Purpose To assess the influence of filtered-back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR), and three levels of deep learning reconstruction (DLR) on CAC quantification on both in vitro and in vivo studies. Material and Methods In vitro study was performed with a multipurpose anthropomorphic chest phantom and small pieces of bones. The real volume of each piece was measured using the water displacement method. In the in vivo study, 100 patients (84 men; mean age = 71.2 ± 8.7 years) underwent CAC scoring with a tube voltage of 120 kVp and image thickness of 3 mm. The image reconstruction was done with FBP, hybrid IR, and three levels of DLR including mild (DLRmild), standard (DLRstd), and strong (DLRstr). Results In the in vitro study, the calcium volume was equivalent ( P = 0.949) among FBP, hybrid IR, DLRmild, DLRstd, and DLRstr. In the in vivo study, the image noise was significantly lower in images that used DLRstr-based reconstruction, when compared images other reconstructions ( P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the calcium volume ( P = 0.987) and Agatston score ( P = 0.991) among FBP, hybrid IR, DLRmild, DLRstd, and DLRstr. The highest overall agreement of Agatston scores was found in the DLR groups (98%) and hybrid IR (95%) when compared to standard FBP reconstruction. Conclusion The DLRstr presented the lowest bias of agreement in the Agatston scores and is recommended for the accurate quantification of CAC.

In this study, the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations estimated by CT2013B, a recent version of CarbonTracker, are compared with CO 2 measurements from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner (CONTRAIL) project during 2010-2011. CarbonTracker is an inversion system that estimates surface CO 2 fluxes using atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Overall, the model results represented the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations well with a slight overestimation compared to observations. In the case of horizontal distribution, variations in the model and observation difference were large in northern Eurasia because most of the model and data mismatch were located in the stratosphere where the model could not represent CO 2 variations well enough due to low model resolution at high altitude and existing phase shift from the troposphere. In addition, the model and observation difference became larger in boreal summer. Despite relatively large differences at high latitudes and in boreal summer, overall, the modeled CO 2 concentrations fitted well to observations. Vertical profiles of modeled and observed CO 2 concentrations showed that the model overestimates the observations at all altitudes, showing nearly constant differences, which implies that the surface CO 2 concentration is transported well vertically in the transport model. At Narita, overall differences were small, although the correlation between modeled and observed CO 2 concentrations decreased at higher altitude, showing relatively large differences above 225 hPa. The vertical profiles at Moscow and Delhi located on land and at Hawaii on the ocean showed that the model is less accurate on land than on the ocean due to various effects (e.g., biospheric effect) on land compared to the homogeneous ocean surface.