Small streams have flood effects on both national and local streams located further downstream. Moreover, damages are increasing in these basins, making the development of adaptive prevention and response measures an urgent necessity. However, the challenge is that small streams remain non-measuring sites. Furthermore, there are about 22,800 small streams, which are too many for the local governments to measure during the flood season. Thus, in this study, a CCTV-based automatic discharge measurement technology was developed to support local governments in monitoring, and minimize the labor required. To evaluate the new technology, discharges were measured in Jungsunfil-chun of Ulju-gun, which is a test bed operated by the National Disaster Management Institute, and compared with the Aquatic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) based discharges and the weir discharges. The results show that measurements using the new technology are in good agreement with the ADV based discharges. Furthermore, the new technology has the advantage of being able to capture peak flood discharges with short measurement times. Moreover, it is a sustainable measurement method to support flood control by verification of stream flow and situational influences, and provides stable measurements by using a non-contact measurement method. It is expected that the new technology may be used to increase the number of monitoring sites, and the hydraulic data sets collected from various small stream test beds can be used to enhance the design code for estimating flood discharges and the small stream flood warning system to reduce damage in small streams.

uring the past 20 years, the incidence, 1,2 cause and associated clinical conditions, 2-8 and clinical course 2,9 of obstetric pulmonary edema have been reported. Pulmonary edema during pregnancy can be lifethreatening and patients are usually transferred to tertiary care centers, so most of the medical literature is based on the experiences of the tertiary care centers. Hence, there is limited information on the natural history of pulmonary edema from its onset to its resolution because of a possible selection bias in previous studies.The primary purpose of our study was therefore to determine the incidence, etiology and course of pulmonary edema in all obstetric patients at our primary -secondary care center during the past 3.5 years. We analyzed (1) the clinical conditions associated with the onset of pulmonary edema, (2) the etiologic diagnosis made by echocardiography within 2 days of onset and (3) the X-ray pattern and rate of resolution. MethodsWe studied prospectively patients with pulmonary edema among 29,621 obstetric cases at the Samsung Cheil Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between March 1, 1998 and June 31, 2001. Pulmonary edema was diagnosed on the basis of a history of dyspnea, pulmonary rales, hypoxemia (PaO2 <80 mmHg or SataO2 <90% with room air), and airspace opacities on the chest radiograph consistent with Circulation Journal Vol.66, July 2002 pulmonary edema. Cases of initially atypical X-ray presentation were also included when clinical symptoms and signs and the X-ray infiltration improved rapidly with treatment for pulmonary edema such as diuretics, inotropics, or both.We collected data from the time when pulmonary edema was suspected. The chest was radiographed and pulse oximetry was monitored for all patients with severe dyspnea and pulmonary rales. To elucidate the cause we reviewed the medical history for the presence of pre-existing cardiac or hypertensive disease, diagnosis of twin gestation, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, treatment with steroids, MgSO4 ormimetics, evidence of infection, and volume overload. Within 2 days of the onset of pulmonary edema, 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography with Doppler study were performed using a Hewlett-Packard (Sonos 1000, USA) echocardiograph to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Peripartum cardiomyopathy was diagnosed on the basis of the echocardiographic findings. 10 Diastolic heart failure was diagnosed from a transmitral flow study when the E/A ratio was less than 1 in the presence of a deceleration time (DT) greater than 220 ms, or if the isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) was greater than 100 ms with normal systolic function. 11 Pre-eclampsia was diagnosed on the basis of ACOG clinical criteria. 12 During treatment of pulmonary edema, a chest X-ray was performed every 1 or 2 days. When patients were transferred to tertiary centers, we obtained follow-up information from the doctors by telephone contact. ResultsPulmonary edema developed in 18 cases (0.06%) of all obstetric patients (Table 1). The mean ma...

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