In this paper, we propose a new finger biometric method. Infrared finger images are first captured, and then feature extraction is performed using a modified Gaussian high-pass filter through binarization, local binary pattern (LBP), and local derivative pattern (LDP) methods. Infrared finger images include the multimodal features of finger veins and finger geometries. Instead of extracting each feature using different methods, the modified Gaussian high-pass filter is fully convolved. Therefore, the extracted binary patterns of finger images include the multimodal features of veins and finger geometries. Experimental results show that the proposed method has an error rate of 0.13%.
Limited data exist regarding why delaminated tears occur within the rotator cuff tendon, and no general agreement exists on how to handle this complicated tear. To analyze in vivo intratendinous strain of the supraspinatus tendon, the superficial, middle, and deep regions were marked with speckles using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) of 15 shoulders. The displacement and the strain of each speckle during isotonic and isometric shoulder motion were evaluated. Significantly different displacement and strains in the tendon were found between isometric and isotonic shoulder motions. In isometric motion, the average longitudinal displacement of the speckle at the superficial region (1.66 mm) was larger than at the deep region (0.61 mm), and the average peak strain at the superficial region (17.03%) was also higher than that at the deep region (3.42%). Conversely, in isotonic motion, the average longitudinal displacement of the speckle at the superficial region (0.70 mm) was less than that at the deep region (1.61 mm), and the average peak strain at the superficial region (4.73%) was also lower than that at the deep region (15.69%). A different strain was found between the superficial and deep regions within the intact live supraspinatus tendon. The strain and displacement patterns vary according to isometric versus isotonic shoulder motions. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the delaminated tear of the rotator cuff tendon must be repaired separately layer by layer to resist the inhomogeneous strain after the repair. Keywords: rotator cuff tendon; in vivo; strain; 2D speckle tracking echocardiography; isotonic; isometric Rotator cuff tendon tears represent one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and disability. The tear configuration is variable and includes partialthickness tears, which originate on the articular side, the bursal side, or within the tendon substance, and full-thickness tears. Previous studies suggested that intratendinous delaminated tears occur often, accounting for almost half of all partial-thickness tears. 1,2 Furthermore, many full thickness tears have a delaminated component. However, limited data exist regarding why delaminated tears occur, and no general agreement exists on how to handle this complicated tear.Several studies demonstrated that the biomechanical behavior of the nonlinear response to loading the tendon is related to the tear pattern. 3-7 Different material properties and strain patterns exist between the articular and bursal sides of the supraspinatus tendon. 2,3,[8][9][10][11] showed that the rotator cuff tendon has different histological features in the joint and bursal layers, and the joint side has lower ultimate strain than the bursal side does. Reilly et al. 10 noted, in a cadaver study, a significant difference in strain between the joint and bursal sides of the supraspinatus tendon during glenohumeral abduction. They suggested that the difference may contribute to the propagation of intratendinous delaminated defects. 10 Be...
A biomechanical understanding of gait stability is needed to reduce falling risk. As a typical parameter, the COM-COP (center of mass–center of pressure) inclination angle (IA) could provide valuable insight into postural control and balance recovery ability. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to estimate COM-COP IA based on signals using an inertial sensor. Also, we evaluated how different types of ANN and the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter applied to input signals could affect the accuracy of the model. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) including an accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer sensors was fabricated as a prototype. The COM-COP IA was calculated using a 3D motion analysis system including force plates. In order to predict the COM-COP IA, a feed-forward ANN and long-short term memory (LSTM) network was developed. As a result, the feed-forward ANN showed a relative root-mean-square error (rRMSE) of 15% while the LSTM showed an improved accuracy of 9% rRMSE. Additionally, the LSTM displayed a stable accuracy regardless of the cutoff frequency of the filter applied to the input signals. This study showed that estimating the COM-COP IA was possible with a cheap inertial sensor system. Furthermore, the neural network models in this study can be implemented in systems to monitor the balancing ability of the elderly or patients with impaired balancing ability.
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