1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 An anaerobic waste stabilisation pond (AWSP) has been assessed to enable energy neutral wastewater treatment at decentralised works. During start-up, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was comparable to full-scale AWSPs operated in moderate climates, thereby establishing the potential for treating wastewater in the less conducive European climate. The linear relationship between COD removal and time demonstrated that the AWSP had not reached steady-state, indicating further improvement in COD removal is expected. Data modelled on a 10 000 population equivalent catchment indicated that integrating an AWSP upstream of trickling filters presented the optimum configuration to minimise on-site electrical demand. Anaerobic WSP can generate sufficient electricity onsite to offset electrical demand. Anaerobic WSP can generate sufficient electricity onsite to offset electrical demand, recording a net on-site energy balance of +379?5 kWhe d -1 . Using an AWSP for on-site sludge treatment also reduced exported sludge volume, markedly reducing the wastewater treatment total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) compared to conventional technologies. This study established AWSP as a significant future technology for sustainable decentralised wastewater treatment.

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The developing Sino-African relations are perceived by some foreign affairs academia as a measure of the basis on which its larger strategic drives are fabricated. Chinese interests on the continent not merely focus on economic benefits however also includes governmental, security, and sociopolitical interests. This fast-developing correlation offers opportunities besides challenges to both China and Africa. China’s trade, venture, and infrastructural development support are primarily re-modeling African markets. However, Chinese growth posturing retreat dilemma to international power balance.Particularly, the US perceives the African continent as ravenous for their investments, expertise, and peace, and cordiality.Moreover, argumentative concerns are distressing these relations. Africa remained a fatality of Western colonialism in addition to "strings-attached" methodologies. Hence, carried around using “quasi-state” players, thus, frequently condemned through majority African leadership to interfere with the local affairs within a few African states besides also offering reliant over foreign-aid support. This article endeavors to use the qualitative nature of the study based on secondary sources.Therefore, the descriptive-analytical technique is used to conclude a critical study of Sino-African relations besides conflict management in Africa, making a case study of Sudan. This paper also attempts to examine that how China’s investments on the continent are donating to issues by observing transmission of Chinese weapons towards Sudan underbid of securing petroleum to guard its domestic safeties.