R6sumS -On a effect& llinterprGtation des Btats electroniques dans la bande de valence et la bande de conduction du Si3N4 amorphe et on a Btabli le diagramme des 6nergies d'aprss les spectres d'Bmission et le rendement quantique de SiK -, SiL2 3 -, NK en combinaison avec les donnees de la spectroscopie des photo6lectrons de rayons X des couches internes et de la bande de valence.Abstract -There is performed interpretation of electronic states $n valence and conduction bands of amorphous Si3N4 and constructed an energy diagram of electronic levels using Xray SiK -, SiLg3 -, NKemission and quantum yield spectra

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The background to the development and production of x‐ray instruments in the former USSR and Russia is due to the work of a number of scientists in educational and research institutions. The development of mass‐produced instruments and their practical introduction throughout the country were made possible by the work of the Bourevestnik Research and Production Association. The present overview of x‐ray instruments mostly examines the instruments produced for a broad range of practical applications between 1964 and the present. To some degree, as a consequence of a noticeable lag in this field in the instrument industry, the developments followed the main worldwide trends. However, Soviet scientists also created a number of interesting instruments which were unique for their time and undoubtedly favoured the progress of x‐ray spectral analysis. The overview gives a brief description of the trends in the development and production of x‐ray instruments and their components (crystals, detectors) in the former USSR and Russia. It also presents a brief analysis of today's situation in this field of industry in the world and in Russia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The crystal-field splitting of the ground state of a transition metal ion in transition metal monoxides is calculated for the case of cubic symmetry. An investigation is made of the X-ray emission bands of metal and oxygen ions in the monoxides. The observed and calculated splittings of the levels are in good agreement.Es wird die Kristallfeldaufspaltung des Grundzustandes eines Ubergangsmetallions in Ubergangsmetallmonoxid fur den Fall kubischer Symmetrie berechnet. Die RontgenEmissionsbanden der Metall-und Sauerstoffionen in den Monoxiden werden untersucht. Die berechneten und beobachteten Aufspaltungen der Niveaus befinden sich in guter ubereinstimmung.At the present time calculations of the energy spectra by the method of augmented plane waves (APW) have the greatest value for understanding the electronic structure of solids and the interpretation of various spectra, especially X-ray spectra. This method enables one to estimate the relative position of bands of different symmetry, their width, and also, in the case of compounds, the fraction of charge located in spheres around each kind of atoms. However, APW calculations are rather complex and hardly accessible to experimenters. I n the range of the transition metal monoxides such calculations have only been performed for Ti0 and NiO [l, 21. Many details of the spectra can be explained by the simpler molecular-orbital and crystal-field methods. Although these methods deal with atomic levels and give only the magnitudes of splittings and not the band widths, this is in general sufficient for the interpretation of paramagnetic resonance, optical, and X-ray spectra.I n the present paper the crystal-field method is applied to estimating the splitting of the D and I? ground states of a transition metal ion having a partly filled 3d shell in a cubic crystal field, in the isostructural monoxides of the transition metals from Ti to Cu. It is assumed that the results of the calculations can be compared with the splittings observed experimentally in the shortwavelength K and L X-ray emission bands.The crystal-field splitting of the ground state for compounds having h'aC1 structure was calculated under the assumption of an average field by the L-S coupling method similarly as was done in [3] for spinels. It is well known that a fivefold degenerate d-level in a cubic field is split into threefold and twofold degenerate sublevels in an octahedral field which are given by

A new multichannel x-ray/extreme ultra violet (EUV) spectrometer is developed for monitoring the time history of xray/EUV spectral line intensities from a hot plasma to estimate an electron density and temperature of plasmas. Each independently controlled channel includes a ciystal (or multilayer mirror) and a fast x-ray diode. At the same time, an imaging transmission grating is applied to study a spatial distribution of spectral line intensities in a wide spectral region with time gated resolution. The multichannel spectrometer can be applied for measurements of polarization-dependent spectra which will be used for diagnostics of electron beams and measuring a magnetic field in z-pinch plasmas.