Management of elderly and senile patients is a major challenge due to significant comorbidity, especially in surgery under general anesthesia.The aim of the review was to identify the optimal method of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly patients based on the available clinical and experimental studies.We searched PubMed, Medline, and Elibrary.ru databases for relevant sources. Out of more than 300 publications initially analyzed, 113 literature sources (dating from 1951 to 2021) were included in the review, of which 80 were published within the last five years (2016–2021). The inclusion criteria were high informative value and relevance, except for sources cited as historical references. Both randomized multicenter studies and individual case reports were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were low informative value, outdated and repetitive data.We reviewed the physiology of elderly and senile patients, various variants of anesthesia, the use of neuroaxial anesthesia and peripheral regional blocks, xenon-based general anesthesia, assessed the advantages and drawbacks of each method, and discussed the monitoring of the depth of anesthesia and the issues of inraoperative awareness during knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients.Conclusion. The choice of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients should be based on the risks of decompensation of cardiovascular comorbidities and cognitive impairment. No known anesthetic method is ideal in terms of safety. The use of xenon as the main anesthetic seems promising due to its cardio- and neuroprotective properties. However, its use is limited due to relatively high cost. Therefore, the search for optimal (lower than recommended) inhalation concentrations may lead to expanding use of xenon in elderly and senile patients. At the same time, the use of lower concentrations of the drug is associated with the intraoperative awakening and the need for its combination with narcotic analgesics or amnestic agents, which may not be optimal. In addition, the protective effect of xenon retrograde amnesia against the stress of unintended intraoperative awakening has not been studied, and routine methods of monitoring the depth of hypnosis when using xenon often yield skewed measurement results inconsistent with the clinical manifestations of anesthesia.Therefore, there is a need for further studies concerning the retrograde amnesic effect of xenon and search for optimal methods of assessing the depth of hypnosis when using this gas to safely reduce its inhalation concentration.
The current literature lacks data on the incidence of intraoperative awakening during xenon anesthesia. This could be due to amnesia preventing memories of the intraoperative awakening.The objective: to determine the concentration of xenon in the xenon-oxygen mixture, which causes amnesia for events during inhalation in 100% of patients, and to make correlations with the depth of hypnosis as per Kugler scale.Subjects and Methods: 34 patients with chronic neurogenic pain who received 111 20-minute inhalations with concentration of xenon up to 50% were included in the study. Amnesia evaluation, EEG monitoring, and pain assessment on a visual analog scale (VAS) were performed.Results. Amnesic effect developed in 100% of patients at xenon concentration of 45%. On inhalation of xenon at concentrations of up to 50%, EEG changes did not exceed D1 grade on Kugler scale. The decrease in bispectral index (BIS) did not reach the level of deep sedation (Me 96.2%) at xenon concentration of 50%. The decrease in pain on VAS was approximately 60%.Conclusions. Xenon inhalations cause transient congradic amnesia at concentrations of 45% or more. The accuracy of the BIS monitoring readings may be reduced when using xenon in a monovariant. Inhalations of xenon-oxygen mixture in concentrations up to 50% showed good analgesic properties in the framework of combined therapy of chronic pain syndrome.
АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ. Анестезия ксеноном характеризуется стабильностью гемодинамических показателей, кардиопротективными, нейропротективными свойствами, что предпочтительно у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Нерешенной проблемой остается оценка глубины угнетения сознания. Есть данные о возможности ее оценки по шкале Kugler на основании анализа электроэнцефалограммы (ЭЭГ). ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Оценить возможность применения шкалы Kugler на основании ЭЭГ как алгоритма объективной оценки глубины угнетения сознания ксеноном в комбинации с наркотическими анальгетиками или без них, в сочетании с регионарной блокадой во время операции эндопротезирования коленного сустава у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Включено 57 пациентов. Пациенты разделены на 2 группы, в 1-й проводили общую анестезию ксеноном, для обезболивания использовали фентанил и блокаду бедренного нерва, во 2-й анестезию проводили в сочетании с блокадой бедренного и седалищного нервов. Глубину угнетения сознания мониторировали ЭЭГ с расшифровкой и сопоставлением со шкалой Kugler, регистрировали биспектральный индекс (BIS). РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. При концентрации 40 % в группе 1 уровень глубины угнетения сознания — D2, в группе 2 — D1, при 55 % и выше в обеих группах — D2. Фентанил в дозе 0,39 ± 0,07 мг увеличивал дельта-ритм (δ) на 19,08 %, что соответствовало снижению эффективной концентрации ксенона ≈20 %. Анализ снижения δ-ритма и BIS при помощи ранговой корреляции Спирмена определил сильную связь в группе 1 (r = –0,78; R² = 60 %), среднего уровня в группе 2 (r = –0,61; R² = 37 %), различия связаны с фентанилом в группе 1. Снижение BIS при сравнении групп не достигло достоверно значимого уровня (р > 0,05). ВЫВОДЫ. У пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при эндопротезировании коленного сустава в условиях сочетанной анестезии ксеноном и блокады периферических нервов стадия D2 по шкале Kugler (доля δ-ритма более 50 %) достигается при концентрации ксенона 55 % в группе без использования наркотических анальгетиков и при концентрации 40 % в случае болюсного введения фентанила. Ослабление силы связи δ-ритма и BIS в группе 2 и отсутствие достоверной разницы снижения BIS говорит о возможности менее точного определения уровня угнетения сознания BIS при моноанестезии ксеноном.
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