Аграрная наука Agrarian science 9 2020 ОБЩЕЕ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЕ Методы повышения продуктивности аридных пастбищ РЕЗЮМЕ Актуальность. За последние несколько десятилетий интенсивная эксплуатация аридных территорий Ставропольского края привела к усилению процесса деградации природных кормовых угодий (ПКУ) в несколько раз. Поэтому исследования, направленные на поиск путей сохранения продуктивного долголетия аридных пастбищных экосистем, являются актуальными. Материал и методика. Цель исследований -изучить подходы к восстановлению биоразнообразия и продуктивности деградированных ПКУ аридной зоны за счет формирования экологически устойчивых, продуктивных агрофитоценозов на основе многолетних трав. Экспедиционное изучение пастбищных угодий Ставропольского края осуществляли в 2009-2019 годах согласно требованиям методик, общепринятых в фитоценологии. Объекты исследований -ПКУ, расположенные в зоне сухих степей и полупустыни. Исследования по влиянию различных систем восстановления и использования травостоя на урожайность кормовых угодий проводили в 2014-2019 годах на базе племзавода «Дружба» Апанасенковского района Ставропольского края в соответствии с отраслевой и научной нормативной документацией. Объектами исследований являлись многолетние травы и их травосмеси.Результаты. По данным наших исследований, применение комбинированного сенокосно-пастбищного использования ПКУ является одним из эффективных приемов снижения засоренности и стабилизации их продуктивности. Оптимизация сроков скашивания или стравливания травостоев позволяет увеличить производство сухого вещества до 2,64-3,92 т/га при сенокосном использовании и 1,86-2,27 т/га при комбинированном (сенокос + пастбище). Обогащая деградированный травостой ценными в кормовом отношении бобовыми и злаковыми травами, удается значительно повысить его качество с достижением в 1 кг сухого вещества 8,55 МДж обменной энергии. Methods for increasing productivity of arid pastures ABSTRACTRelevance. Over the past few decades, intensive exploitation of arid territories of the Stavropol territory has led to an increase in the degradation of natural forage lands (NFL) several times. Therefore, research aimed at finding ways to preserve the productive longevity of arid pasture ecosystems is relevant.Methods. The purpose of the research is to study approaches to restoring biodiversity and productivity of degraded NFL in the arid zone by forming environmentally sustainable, productive agrophytocenoses based on perennial grasses. Expedition study of pasture lands of the Stavropol territory was carried out in 2009-2019 according to the requirements of methods generally accepted in phytocenology. The objects of research are NFL located in the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts. Research on the impact of various systems of herbage recovery and use on the yield of forage lands was conducted in 2014-2019 on the basis of the breeding factory 'Friendship' in the Apanasenkovsky district of the Stavropol territory in accordance with industry and scientific regulatory documentation. The objects of resear...

Abstract. The purpose of research is to study the adaptability and stability of new varieties and species of perennial grasses under different modes of use of grass (hay, pasture), aimed at reducing the dependence of their productivity on fluctuations in agrometeorological conditions in the arid zone. The research is based on the methods of designing grasslands adapted to extreme conditions of the arid zone and capable of withstanding temperature, water, and coenotic stresses due to morphophysiological reactions of plants. Results and practical significance. The most productive eco-plastic grass mixtures of new varieties of perennial legumes and grasses that are necessary for creating agrophytocenoses for target use have been identified. Correlative relationships of the productivity level of the species and variety with the physiological parameters of plants were established. The role of the phytocenotic factor that characterizes the relationship of plants in different modes of use of grass (haymaking, pasture) is determined and patterns in the dynamics of accumulation of crop biomass by grass mixtures of different botanical composition are established. The highest biomass on average for 4 years was formed by crops in the mode of haymaking use of grass (alfalfa + wheat grass + brome + sainfoin + melilot – 3.07 t/ha of dry matter). For pasture use, on average, over 4 years, the highest productivity was provided by a grass mixture – alfalfa + fairway + brome + wheatgrass + festulolium + sainfoin + melilot with a collection of 1.5 t/ha of dry matter and 9.6 GJ/ha of exchange energy for a net energy income of 8.7 GJ/ha. Scientific novelty. For the first time for the conditions of the dry-steppe zone, an adaptive approach to the creation of productive stands of perennial grass mixtures with the participation of new varieties and species of legumes and grasses, revealing the mechanism of plant interaction based on the developed optical structure of phytocenosis in different modes of forage use (haymaking, pasture), is proposed.

The article based on complex analysis of geographical, naturalistic (botanic, zoological, mineralogical), archaeological and ethnographic drawings performed by artists of the academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka expedition J. Ch. Berckhan, J. W. Lürsenius, J. C. Decker is shown importance of these works as subject-matter and disciplinary scientific illustrations representative of development the Russian science. It is revealed that the images of the named artists are realistic visual representations of the past of Siberia and should be used together with the scientific works of the participants of the Second Kamchatka Expedition to study the history of the region. The qualitative characteristics of naturalistic and archaeological drawings allow for the reconstruction of museum collections that have not preserved to this day. It is concluded that drawings of J. Ch. Berckhan, J. W. Lürsenius, J. C. Decker are picturesque memorial monuments of the Russian pictural art, valuable sources on the history of exploration of Siberia and visual history of Russia in the modern period.

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