This article examines the financing of GDP growth within the framework of catch-up, evolutionary and dynamic models of economic development. Methods/statistical analysis: using the principles of the Solow model and the Cobb-Douglas function, an analysis of the nature of the models has been carried out, considering the processes of capital accumulation, the rate of growth of the workforce, and various aggregate factor productivities. With the help of historical logic and statistical evaluation, examples of countries relating to each of the models examined are reviewed. Based on the analysis, the main ways of financing economic growth are noted: both the state ones, due to budgetary and monetary policy measures, and private ones. It has been proven that with the transition from catch-up to an evolutionary or dynamic model, the role of the state as a centralizing force is diminishing. At the same time, the specificity of a dynamic model is due to the country's objective ability to be among the technological leaders, which is predetermined by the high values of current GDP, per capita GDP, and population size. Countries with an evolutionary model of development are constrained in their ability to maintain a comparable pace of development only within separate "growth points". The main result of the work is the assessment of Russia's potential from the viewpoint of one of the models considered, based on a comparative analysis of several capital indicators, as well as a logical analysis of data on the level of GDP and population with other countries. This makes it possible to make recommendations for financing the country's GDP growth in the medium to long term. Scope/Improvements: The findings can be used in the development of Russia's financial and economic strategy up to 2030.

The main physical laws of thermal-plastic deformation and fatigue damage accumulation processes in polycrystalline structural alloys under various regimes of cyclic thermal-mechanical loading are considered. Within the framework of mechanics of damaged media, a mathematical model is developed that describes thermal-plastic deformation and fatigue damage accumulation processes under low-cycle loading. The model consists of three interrelated parts: relations defining plastic behavior of the material, accounting for its dependence on the failure process; evolutionary equations describing damage accumulation kinetics; a strength criterion of the damaged material. The plasticity model based on the notion of yield surface and the principle of orthogonality of the plastic strain vector to the yield surface is used as defining relations. This version of defining equations of plasticity describes the main effects of the deformation process under monotone cyclic, proportional and nonproportional loading regimes. The version of kinetic equations of damage accumulation is based on introducing a scalar parameter of damage degree and energy principles, and account for the main effects of nucleation, growth and merging of microdefects under arbitrary regimes of low-cycle loading. The strength criterion of the damaged material is based on reaching a critical value of the damage degree. The results of numerically modeling cyclic thermal-plastic deformation and fatigue damage accumulation in heat-resistant alloys (Nimonic 80A, Haynes 188) under combined thermal-mechanical loading are presented. Special atten-Communicated by Andreas Öchsner.

A mathematical model is developed to describe fatigue-damage accumulation in structural materials (metals and their alloys) on multiaxial paths of disproportionate combined heat and power loading. The effect of the shape of the strain path on the fatigue life of metals was studied to obtain qualitative and quantitative estimates of the obtained constitutive relations. It is shown that the proposed constitutive relations adequately describe the main elastoplastic deformation effects and damage accumulation in structural materials for arbitrary strain paths.Introduction. During long-term operation of equipment and systems of important engineering facilities under nonstationary heat and power loading, fatigue damage is accumulated in structural materials, leading to deterioration of the initial strength characteristics of the materials and development of defects. During a significant period of operation, these processes occur latently. In addition, the most dangerous zones determining the life of an element are as a rule inaccessible for nondestructive inspection. To ensure safe operation of engineering facilities, it is necessary to monitor damage development in the most dangerous zones of structural elements (exhausted life) and predict the development of these processes to the limiting states (residual life) [1].Simultaneous studies of deformation and fracture processes provides answer to the following questions: Where and when will macroscopic cracks arise for the first time in a body under specified load and temperature variations and how will these cracks further develop? Because damage accumulation depends significantly on the kinetics of the stress-strain state, the accuracy of estimation of the strength and life of structural elements depends on how precisely the equations of state describe kinetics under specified operation conditions. Viscoelastic deformation parameters such as the length and shape of the strain path, stress mode, its history, etc. have a significant effect on the rate of damage accumulation. The purpose of studies in this area is not so much to refine the various formulations required to determine macroscopic strains from specified loading history, but rather to study the main regularities of the determining and preceding processes.1. Constitutive Relations of Fracture Mechanics and Algorithm for Their Integration. The model for a damaged medium includes three components: a) relations determining the elastoplastic behavior of the material and dependent on the fracture process; b) equations describing the damage accumulation kinetics; c) strength criterion of the damaged material.1.1. Thermal Plasticity Relations. The constitutive relations of thermal plasticity are based on the following main principles: -The strain tensors e ij and strain rates tensorsė ij are the sums of the elastic strains e e ij and elastic strain rateṡ e e ij (independent of the loading history and determined by the final state of the process), and the plastic strains e p

This article examines the main integration trends of the state's monetary and fiscal policy in influencing economic growth and maintaining the sustainability of public debt. It is argued that the relationship between these trends of macroeconomic regulation is predetermined, on the one hand, by the potentially negative impact of fiscal expansion from the point of view of inflation, and by the negative impact of a likely state default in failing to refinance the debt from the Ministry of Finance, on the other hand. The paper studies the selected array of statistical data using the fiscal policy multipliers concept, the relationship between the effect of increase/decrease in budget expenditures, the slowdown in economic activity and the efforts by the Central Bank to offset fiscal measures, on the one hand, and the ratio of an increase/decrease in budget revenues and debt expenditures used to finance the budget investments, on the other hand. It is revealed that the investments are effective if implementing budget expenditures in the presence of the GDP gap and unrealized expectations of economic agents, while reducing spending in such a situation will intensify the recession. The GDP growth determined by these investments should provide the tax effect sufficient to cover the expenses. Otherwise, there can be negative effects of debt that establishes the need for measures to refinance public debt by the Central Bank. The conclusions of the paper can be used to assess the possible integration of monetary and fiscal policy based on various states.

Processes of plastic deformation and damage accumulation in polycrystalline structural alloys are investigated under block-type, nonstationary, nonsymmetric cyclic loading. In the framework of damage mechanics, a mathematical model is proposed that effectively describes elastoplastic deformation and fatigue related damage accumulation processes under low-cycle loading. This model can be subsumed under three main parts: the relations defining elastoplastic behavior of the material; the equations describing damage accumulation kinetics; the strength criterion of the damaged material. For validating the model, we perform a numerical analysis and a comparison with the data from full-scale experiments. We demonstrate that the proposed model qualitatively and quantitatively describes the main effects of plastic deformation and damage accumulation processes in structural alloys under complex loading scenarios. Moreover, fatigue related lifetime of the structure is accurately captured by this model as well.