Glucocorticoids (GC) are known to inhibit eicosanoid production in various peripheral tissues; however, their role in the regulation of basal and induced prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in the brain is still not clear. In the present study we examined the effect of exogenous dexamethasone (dex) or endogenous GC on basal and on bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) induced ex vivo production of PGE2 by the frontal cortex of rat brain. The experimental groups were: 1) intact rats; 2) rats in whom endogenous GC were removed either by surgical or by chemical (metopirone) adrenalectomy (adex); and 3) rats exposed to specific corticosteroid receptor antagonists. In intact rats, the basal rate of PGE2 ex vivo synthesis was about 120 pg/mg protein.hr; dex (0.05-0.5 mg/100 g body wt ip) did not affect this level. Exposure to LPS (50 micrograms, intracerebroventricular) induced a 2-fold increase in PGE2, whereas pretreatment with dex abolished this increase. Bilateral adex or metopirone alone did not change PGE2 synthesis, whereas LPS administration to surgical or chemical adex rats resulted in a 4-fold increase in PGE2 production. Administration (intracerebroventricular) of either one or both of the specific corticosteroid receptor antagonists, RU-28318 (type I) and RU-38486 (type II) did not affect basal PGE2 production. When LPS was given after either one of these antagonists, a slight but significant elevation of PGE2 occurred, as compared to LPS-treated controls. When both antagonists were coadministered, the LPS-induced production of PGE2 was much more pronounced, similar to levels of LPS-treated, adex rats. These results suggest that LPS-induced production of PGE2, but not the basal production, is regulated by either endogenous or exogenous GC, and the inhibitory effect of GC on brain PG synthesis is mediated via both type I and II corticosteroid receptors.

Chronic renal disease is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing incidence, prevalence, poor outcomes, and high cost. A cross-sectional study was carried out in balad city from 10th of November 2018 to 15th of March 2019. The number of patients under  study were 60 patients with renal disease (30 acute renal disease and 30 chronic renal disease under hemodialysis). Their ages were between (20-75) years. Patients with acute renal disease were admitted to Balad general hospital and patients with chronic renal disease who admitted to Salahaddin general hospital for hemodialysis. The study included 30 apparently healthy subject as control group. The results showed that the highest mean level of endothelin-1 was found in patients with chronic renal disease (13.15±7.81)pg/ml followed by patients with acute renal disease (1.78±1.49) pg/ml compared with  the control group (0.41±0.31) pg/ml. These result were significant higher (P< 0.01). The results  showed that the lowest mean level of vitamin D was found in patients with chronic renal disease (14.45±5.92) ng/ml followed by patients with acute renal disease (23.49±13.14) ng/ml compared with the control group (24.02 ±8.22) ng/ml. The results were significant higher than control (P≤0.01). The study showed that patients with acute renal disease were distributed equally to male and female (1:1) while 56.67% of patients with chronic renal disease were males. The conclute from this study that the endothelin elevated in chronic renal disease patients and vitamin D was reduced.

Chronic renal disease is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing incidence, prevalence, poor outcomes, and high cost. A cross-sectional study was carried out in balad city from 10th of November 2018 to 15th of March 2019. The number of patients under  study were 60 patients with renal disease (30 acute renal disease and 30 chronic renal disease under hemodialysis). Their ages were between (20-75) years. Patients with acute renal disease were admitted to Balad general hospital and patients with chronic renal disease who admitted to Salahaddin general hospital for hemodialysis. The study included 30 apparently healthy subject as control group. The results showed that the highest mean level of endothelin-1 was found in patients with chronic renal disease (13.15±7.81)pg/ml followed by patients with acute renal disease (1.78±1.49) pg/ml compared with  the control group (0.41±0.31) pg/ml. These result were significant higher (P< 0.01). The results  showed that the lowest mean level of vitamin D was found in patients with chronic renal disease (14.45±5.92) ng/ml followed by patients with acute renal disease (23.49±13.14) ng/ml compared with the control group (24.02 ±8.22) ng/ml. The results were significant higher than control (P≤0.01). The study showed that patients with acute renal disease were distributed equally to male and female (1:1) while 56.67% of patients with chronic renal disease were males. The conclute from this study that the endothelin elevated in chronic renal disease patients and vitamin D was reduced.    http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.121