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New data of aboveground biomass and production of four angiosperms over a 12 month period for the Cantabrian Sea salt marshes (Bay of Biscay, N. Spain) are presented. Based on harvest methods, maximum aboveground total biomass values for Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods and Halimioneportulacoides (L.) AeUen were 628, 1109, 480 and 1267 gm-2, respectively. We conclude that although a slight latitudinal gradient in biomass is revealed in the data compiled with reference to some of the species studied, more work is neccesary in order to assess the potential productivity of these ecosystems on the coasts of Europe and/or to make comparisons with salt marshes of the American coasts. Annual net aerial primary production estimates using Smalley's method were: 296, 1160, 486 and 952 grn-2yr-l, for Spartina maritima, Spartina alterniflora, Salicornia ramosissima and Halimione portulacoides, respectively. These results together with turnover rate estimates point to the lack of vigour of the native S. maritima, while the exotic S. alterniflora, which seems to be spreading along the Cantabrian estuaries, behaves like a veritable pionner throughout the low marshes in this region.

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Han transcurrido algo más de cinco años desde que la violencia de género se instalara, todo indica que para quedarse, en los dominios de los delitos de odio. Este estudio sigue los primeros compases aplicativos de la agravante por motivos discriminatorios de género (art. 22.4 Criminal Code) y realiza un análisis exhaustivo de sentencias condenatorias en torno al precepto, lo que permitirá contextualizar y evaluar la operatividad que ha desplegado el «género» en comparación con el resto de categorías protegidas. Asimismo, un examen caso por caso servirá para recabar información esencial (perfil de agresor y víctima, fecha y lugar de comisión del delito, y categorías delictivas agravadas) sobre la fenomenología aplicativa de la agravante, así como para avanzar en el marco teórico de su fundamentación.A little more than five years have gone since gender-based violence was established in the realm of hate crimes, and there is every reason to believe that this will continue to be the case. This study follows the initial steps in the application of the aggravating circumstance of gender-based discrimination (art. 22.4 Criminal Code) and carries out an exhaustive analysis of convictions on the basis of that provision. This will make it possible to contextualize and evaluate the effectiveness of «gender» in comparison with other protected categories. Likewise, a case-by-case analysis will help to gather essential information (victim and offender profiles, date and place of the offence, and aggravated crime categories) on the phenomenology of the application of such aggravating factor, as well as to advance in the theoretical framework of its rationale.