ABSTRAK ABSTRACTThis brief article deals with the use of Indonesian words referring to colors for creating metaphorical expressions. All data presented are collected from various sources, such as Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Standard Dictionary), and added with data obtained from Oxford Advanced Leaner's Dictionary, Indonesian proverb book, encyclopedia, terminology collection book, poetry anthology, song lyrics, and data of the author's own creation as an Indonesian native speaker. Set aside from their literal meanings, the metaphorically used color words are collected and classified into two categories, i.e. achromatic and chromatic colors. Then, their universalities are determined by comparing them with English color metaphors. Finally the existence of specific Indonesian color metaphors are identified by correlating them with extra linguistic factors, such as environment, history, religion, politic and other socio cultural activities. A careful analysis on the data shows that there is nearly no significant difference in metaphorical uses of achromatic colors in English and Indonesian. However, despite universal nuances of chromatic color metaphors, some specific ones emerge due to various external factors, such as environment, education, history, politic, Humaniora, Vol. 27, No.

This paper is intended to give insight to the readers about the development of speech act theories which include categories, characteristics and validities, and strategies. The research begins with the classification of speech act categories done by some experts, continued by a description of characteristics and validities carried out especially by Austin and Searle, and ended with speech act strategies developed by Parker and Riley, using examples taken from Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, and English, four languages that the writer masters relatively well. Most Indonesian, Balinese, and Javanese data together with their context are created intuitively as a native or nearly native while English utterances are created and the others extracted from pragmatic textbooks used as references in this study. Research findings show that there are various types of speech acts, and each speech act has its own validity conditions. Among them, the illocutionary act constitutes the focal point of pragmatics’ studies. The description shows that every expert of pragmatics uses different categories in classifying illocutionary acts, and the kinds of the strategy used to express them.Keywords: pragmatics, speech act, strategy.

This article discusses the directive speech acts contained in tembang dolanan. Using a pragmatic approach, particularly the framework of speech act theory, this article analyzes the different types of directive speech acts, the context which it embodies, and the level of decency. The data used in this research consisted of various tembang dolanan that contain directive statements. These data were analyzed using interpretation and inference by presenting it in the form of descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis is meant to describe, systematically illustrating or elaborating the facts and relationships between phenomena. In the dolanan song, directive speech acts can be expressed directly or indirectly. Direct expression is conventionally used to rule, invite, and forward, while indirect expression is used when instead of by a command line, the intention is ruled by statement sentences, obligation-stating sentences, and questions. The use of direct speech acts generally does not have the value of politeness because they tend to still contain elements of coercion, have no effort to obscure the form of an order, and show the superiority of the speakers. On the other hand, the use of indirect speech acts seems to be an attempt to obscure the commandments to be more polite in the hope opponents would happily respond to commands.

This paper aims at describing Javanese reduplication system with focus of attention on forms, functions, and grammatical meanings. By using data extracted from Javanese text books and  ones of my own creation  whose grammaticalty and acceptability are previously tested with several native speakers,  through distributional method with its various technical analysis,  the research found that Javanese reduplication can be classified  into at least four linguistic forms. Those are full reduplication, partial reduplication, sound modification reduplication, and  affix-combined reduplication. Javanese reduplication can either perform inflective or derivative function in relation to its potentiality to maintain and change the word identity. Finally, with regard to the grammatical meanings, Javanese  reduplication at least can express eleven grammatical meanings, i.e. plurality, diversity, continuity,  intensity, attenuation,  reciprocity,  artificiality, collectivity, rate, astonishment and contrast. Many of these grammatical meanings are context sensitive.