Background: Renal stone is frequent cases that happened in the community. There are a lot of options to treat renal stone; one of them is RIRS. RIRS is an alternative procedure after ESWL and PNL for renal stone.Method: Twenty-seven samples as total sampling of all patients that were done with RIRS in Sanglah Hospital and Surya Husada Hospital from January 2017 until June 2019 retrospectively. Data were collected secondary from Medical Reports of the patients and showed a descriptive study depict how the RIRS patient characteristic in Sanglah Hospital and Surya Husada Hospital. All RIRS patients showed that the RIRS procedure is secondary due to history of ESWL, PNL, URS with insertion of DJ Stent, and or Nephrolithotomy.Results and Conclusion:Characteristic of age in this study was 52,41 years old in mean value, with male and female per cent, respectively 62,96% and 37,04%. Stone size of the study was classified to 4 cluster which are: (1) 37,04% cluster with stone size <1 cm, (2) 33,33% cluster with stone size ≥1cm to <2cm, (3) 3,70% cluster with stone size ≥2 cm, and (4) 25,93% cluster that with stone size unknown. This study also showed some similarity with two other studies about patient characteristic of RIRS treatment. Latar Belakang: Batu ginjal adalah kasus yang sering terjadi di masyarakat. Terdapat banyak pilihan tindakan untuk mengambil batu ginjal salah satunya adalah dengan tindakan RIRS. Tindakan RIRS masih menjadi alternatif tindakan setelah pilihan pertama PNL dan ESWL untuk batu ginjal.Metode: Penelitian ini mengambil 27 sampel pasien dari total sampling seluruh pasien yang dilakukan RIRS di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) Sanglah dan Rumah Sakit (RS) Surya Husada selama Januari 2017 hingga Juni 2019 secara retrospektif. Data didapatkan dari data sekunder rekam medis pasien. Penelitian disajikan secara deskriptif memberikan gambaran karakteristik pasien yang mendapatkan tindakan RIRS. Seluruh pasien yang dilakukan RIRS di RSUP Sanglah dan RS Surya Husada merupakan pasien dengan mendapat RIRS Sekunder setelah sebelumnya memiliki riwayat pernah ESWL, PNL, URS dengan pemasangan DJ-stent, dan atau nefrolitotomi.Hasil dan Simpulan: Karakteristik usia rata-rata pada penelitian ini adalah 52,41 tahun dengan perbandingan persentase laki-laki perempuan berturut-turut 62,96% dan 37,04%. Ukuran batu pada penelitian dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok dengan masing-masing kelompok: (1) 37,04% kelompok dengan ukuran batu <1 cm, (2) 33,33% kelompok dengan ukuran batu ≥1cm s/d <2cm, (3) 3,70% kelompok dengan ukuran batu ≥2 cm, (4) 25,93% kelompok yang ukuran batunya tidak tercantum.

Background: Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) had dominating 60% of all azoospermia cases. Sperm Retrieval Techniques (SRT) continued with Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) are therapy modalities helping infertile azoospermia to be fertile. There are some options of SRT such as PESA, MESA, TESE, TESA and microdissection-TESE (mTESE) to collect sperm from azoospermia cases. This study aims to evaluate some factors influencing sperm retrieval rate by mTESE in non-obstructive azoospermia cases.Method: The data collection for eligible articles were conducted from 2011 to 2019. Different database and manual search methods were used to find the topic-related articles, particularly in some factors influencing the sperm retrieval rate of mTESE in NOA cases. A total of 21 relevant kinds of literature were studied regarding some factors that might be increasing or decreasing of sperm retrieval rate by mTESE procedure. However, four literature were elaborated further due to a similar approach to get the results.Results: A previous study from Saudi Arabia with 264 patients samples found significant different on testosterone level who had successful Sperm Retrieval Rate (SRR) 57.25%. SRR was related by several factors of testosterone, FSH, bilateral testis retrieval and seminiferous tubules diameter taken as the earliest study from India. Besides, taking bilateral testis sperm retrieval also had low SRR 14.4%, but serum FSH level was not influenced by increasing SRR. The previous study found a very weak correlation between FSH and SRR. A different study was conducted in Italy found that all NOA patient who undergone mTESE procedure found the Maturation Arrest (MA) has the significant higher success SRR until 67% after Sertoli Cell Only (SCO) syndrome and sclera-hyalinosis histology.Conclusion: SRR depends on some factors those influencing by hormonal baseline preoperative such as testosterone level and FSH serum level, technique and how mTESE done by the operator in mTESE procedure.

Urethroplasty is a surgical procedure to reconstruct urethral patency on urethral stricture. There are several options for repairing urethral stricture in general, one of the examples is using graft or flap for augmentation urethroplasty. The indications of augmentation urethroplasty with graft are bulbar or penile urethral stricture, risk of tension on urethral anastomosis, and stricture more than 1 cm. Graft is less reliable because it has to be revascularized, easier to harvest, on the other hand flap has generous blood supply, but it was time-consuming to collect and to dissect. In case of bulbar urethral stricture with intact corpus spongiosum, graft had more advantages rather than flap because the anatomy of the urethra moves proximally giving thicker and more robust ventrally, and makes the graft suitable on vascular bed. Plenty of sites can be used to harvest graft for urethroplasty, there are buccal mucosa, genital skin, extragenital skin, lingual mucosa, bladder mucosa, and colonic mucosal graft. Although the treatment of urethroplasty depends on the length and location of stricture until today the comparison between the use of graft and flap in urethroplasty is still controversy and under debate.Some studies reported higher success rates in grafts than flaps procedure, but only few studies showed statistically significant difference. However, grafts procedure is easier, less operative time, and less morbidity, therefore leading to satisfaction in most of the patients.