The outbreak of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) receives much attention globally. On January 30, 2020, WHO has stated it was a global health emergency. The Indonesian Government requiring that all work from home and restricting access to activities outside the home. In the Bali Province, it has had a positive impact on the environment, especially for the amount of waste generation and emissions. The main objectives of this study were to analyse solid waste generation and to provide a review of issues in environmental impact during and before the pandemic of COVID-19 in Bali Province. LCA technique has been used extensively to evaluate the environmental performance of several municipal solid waste management technologies. An LCA study consists of four stages, such as goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact analysis, and interpretation. The degraded organic carbon (DOC) value before the pandemic was 0.121 while after the pandemic the DOC reduced to 0.058. Moreover, methane and carbon dioxide production from waste generation per day was counted in this study. The total global warming potential from waste generation has been drastically reduced from 1,859.6 kg CO 2eq /day to 420.8 kg CO 2eq /day.
ABSTRACT:The option of reusing treated wastewater is becoming necessary for environment sustainability approach. In fact, wastewater effluent discharge regulations have become stricter leading to a better water quality. Municipal activities, agriculture, and rapid urbanization led to increased nitrogen and phosphorus discharge to the water system. More often, the effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plant failed to meet the national standard for effluent quality. Excess nutrients, mostly N and P is the main cause of eutrophication the which results in oxygen depletion, biodiversity reduction, fish kills, odor, and increased toxicity. Biological nutrient removal technologies are preferred and widely used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic wastewater and protect water quality. Chemical compositions in wastewater are highly diverse substances from simple compounds to complex polymers. Some wastewater samples were analyzed in this research. Conventional technology still retains the basic principle of complete nitrogen cycle through nitrification and denitrification. Anammox is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to the basic method of nitrogen removal. Anammox has been identified as a new biotechnology for nitrogen reduction from wastewater. Compared to the common process of nitrogen removal, anammox can reduce 64% off aeration, 100% of an exogenous electron donor, and sludge production by 80-90%. Some benefits from anammox include high nitrogen removal rate, lower operational cost, and small space requirements. Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) in Indonesia has been used commonly as communal wastewater treatment. Promoting anammox process in ABR potentially become an improvement for ABR in removing nitrogen better. This combination process still outlined for further research.
The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Bali has various environmental impacts. One of the updates on sustainable waste processing is the RDF treatment plant processing. Before carrying out the processing, MSW characterization is needed because each region has a diverse composition. The processing of MSW into RDF provides benefits for achieving MSW reduction targets, renewable energy use, and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this reason, this study was conducted to determine the potential of MSW in Bali as an alternative to renewable fuel and its potential to reduce GHG. MSW's potential calorific value as a raw material for RDF in Bali can reach 9.58 - 17.71 MJ/kg. The implementation of processing waste into RDF in pellets has shown a calorific value of ± 3904 - 4945 kkcal/kg. Implementing MSW processing into RDF in Bali can reduce GHG by 178 - 330 times compared to open dumping.
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