In previous reports ['1] we e~abl/shed that high-frequency electromagnetic waves have a beneficial effect on the flotation of sulfide minerals. When a mineral slurry/s activated with currents of frequency 40 Mc for 5 min, extraction of galena and chalcopyrite is increased by 60% and 20%,respectively. This favorable effect was largely attributed ro influence of the electromagnetic waves on the surface of the minerals subjected to flotation. In connection with an extensive study of the structural properties of water as a strongly associated liquid, we investigated the effect of electromagnetic fields on the physical properties of water itself before it is fed to the flotation plant.It is known that water molecules display markedly directed association at the hydrogen bonds, so movement of these molecules will be impeded by continuous combination and rupture at these bonds. The energy of the hydrogen bond of a water molecule can be taken as 5000 cal/mole [2]. In intermolecular and van tier Waals interaction of water molecules, oriented interaction greatly predominams over other types of intermolecular interaction. According to London [3], oriented interaction of hydrogen bonds in the case of water is 190 erg/cm s, while induced and dispersed interaction are 10 and 47 erg/cm s respectively. Continuous hydrogen bonding between water molecules leads to a short-range order of the molecules, which leads in turn to the appearanc e of structural properties within the liquid water as a whole.Bernal and Fowler [4] have made detailed and extensive studies of the structure of water. According to these authors, water has a rather loose quartz-type structme with tetrahedral ordering. It may be assumed that water has an open quasi-crystalline structure, thermal movement of the water molecttles tending to increase the degree of disordering~ while the orientation effect at the hydrogen bonds increases the degree of ordering.In each temporary equilibrium position, a water molecule executes vibrations owing to fluctuation of the medium's thermal energy. Frenkel' has shown the particular role of translational movement of water molecules: it has a stepwise character and consists of activated jumps of the molecules from one temparary equilibrium position to the next. From a study of the Raman spectrum of water, Hibben [fi] established that the wave number of vibrations of water molecules in a temporary equilibrium position is 150 cm "1. The frequency of the nalxtral vibrations of water molecules is, therefore, v~----C 150 cm'*, where v 0 is the natural frequency of the vibrations of water molecules, and C is the velocity of light, 3 9 101~ ern/sec; Vo=3. I0 '~ 150---4.5. I0 'z sec-*, According to Frenkel', the mean residence rime of water molecule.s with an energy E in a temporary equilibrium position can be written as r exp (E/RT), where r is the mean residence time of the water molecules in the equilibrium position, r 0 is the Period of natural vibrations of the water molecules, E is the energy, R is the gas constant,, and T is the t...

The mining industry has at its disposal a great number of surfactants which can be used as flotation reagents for nonsulfide ores [1].However, the widely used hydroxyhydryl collectors-oleic acid, sodium oleate, distilled tall oil, oxidized Recycle and Turkey red oil-cannot ensure the necessary selection of minerals in the flotation of complex rare-metal ores owing to their inadequate selectivities and desorption characteristics. The most efficient and inexpensive sources of flotation reagents are petrochemical products, particularly the commercial fractions of synthetic carboxylic acids with different numbers of carbon atoms [2].Our field investigations have established that the sulfate soaps of synthetic distilled short-chain carboxylic acids of the CI0-C16 and C10-C14 fractions have not only good collecting and moderate frothing properties, but also high selectivity and better desorption characteristics than high-molecular hydroxyhydryl collectors in the flotation of complex ores. The initial products for obtaining collectors of this class were the commercial fractions of synthetic distilled carboxylic acids with compositions C10-C1s and C1~-C14, produced by the Volgodon and Chernikov Synthetic Fatty Acid factories [3].According to plant data, the Volgodon fraction of CI0-C16 acids had the following characteristics: acid numbet 234.0 saponification number 239.7, iodine number 9.7, carbonyl number 11.5, ester number 2.3, unsaponifiables 2.8~o, and target acids 63.8a/0. The characteristics (from averaged data) of the Chernikov fraction of C10-CIs acids were as follows: acid number 264.7, saponification number 268.0, iodine number 9.9, carbonyl number 9.3, ester number 3.3, unsaponifiables 2.0a/o, target acids up to 50~ The C10-C14 fraction has a similar composition to coconut oil, the saponification number is up to 250, the iodine number is less than 10; it contains 45-50~ lauric acid, up to 17~ myristic acid, and up to 20% caproic C s, and capric C10 acids.The sulfate soaps of each fraction were synthesized in the laboratory.The approximate compositions of these collectors were assessed from the infrared absorption spectra in carbon tetrachloride in an IKS-12 spectrometer.In the infrared spectrum of the sulfate soap of the C10-CIs Volgodon fraction, the 2-13/~ range contains 11 main absorption hands, the most important ones for the interpretation of the aliphatic components' compositions being the 2860, 1716, 1264, and 1222 cm'l bands (Fig. 1).The 2860 cm'l band is due to valence vibrations of OH hydroxyl,overlapped by valence vibartions of CH s and CH2 in the carboxylic acid dimers. The presence of the COOH carboxyl group is confirmed by the very distinct narrow band at 1716 cm-1 due to saturated straight-chain monobasic aliphatic acids, the predominance of which is confirmed by the broad bands at 1222-1264 cm ~t. The 1150 cm -1 band is an indication of the presence of normal open-chain acid anhydrides. The fairly broad band at 923 cm-1 indicates the presence of epoxides (of the cyclic ether type).The 1085 and ...

Orthite-allanite is a faixly common mineral [1, 2]. It is found in the rocks of granitic complexes: in granites, granite pegmatites of the rare earth series, and in postmagmatie formations related to granite magma, and occasionally in alkaline complexes (miaskites, syenites, and alkaline pegmatites); in contact-metasomatic rock types: phenites and phenitized gneisses; and in postmagmatic rocks: carbonatites, albites, quartz and quartz-arfvedsonite veinlets. The theoretical formula of orthite is (Ca, TR)2(A1, Fe2+)3SiOsO~(O, OH). The TR content is 17-27 %. In contrast to granites, the orthite in granite pegmatites always has a metamiet character.tTo determine the effect of the metamict character of orthite on its floatability, we selected five different specimens of the mineral; Table 1 gives their chemical composition (in %o).Crystalline Orthite (specimen 1A)displays distinct crystaUization with a high specific gravity of 3.9 and a high refractive index. The mineral is insoluble in strong HC1. It is very fresh, very slightly radioactive, and has no traces of alteration products.Metamict Orthite (specimen 2S) from pegmatites of the plagioclase-microcline type, located at the contact of biotite-pyroxene-amphibole gneisses and marbles. The mineral composition of the pegmatite is as follows: mieroeline 60%0 quartz 25%, plagioclase 10-15%, biotite 5-10%, magnetite 0.5%, sphene up to 2%, orthite, pyroxene, garnet, and epidote. Orthite is located in the microcline sectors; it forms very thin platelets (0.2 x 1-0.5 x 3 era). The mineral has a dark color, a metallic luster, and conchoidal fracture. Signs of slight alteration are observed, but only in the peripheral parts of the plates. The specific gravity is 3.66, the refractive index 1.706-1.710. Orthite is distributed nonuniformly in the pegmatite vein and is closely associated with diopside, biotite, magnetite, and sphene. The rare earths have a cerium composition. The mineral is amorphous to x rays. Specimen 3I. Orthite was taken from feldspathic pegmatites located among granite gneisses. The pegmatites are composed of microcline or microcline-perthite (93%), biotite (5%, orthite (1%), and magnetite (1%); accessory minerals presented are zircon, apatite, hornblende, and sphene. Orthite forms irregular segregations of size 15 x 10 to 50 x 30 era. It is black and has a matt surface; the specific gravity is 3.70, the refractive index Ng = 1.730 and Np = 1.726. It displays weak pleochroism in grayish-brownish tones and has a reticulate structure. ALong the fissures and in the marginal sectors it is surrounded by a brownish-yellow fringe (alteration products of orthite). The orthite has apparently been partly recrystallized under the effect of solutions of the alkaline magma. It is found in close association with biotite and magnetite.Specimen 4KT. This orthite is found in oligoclase-mierocline pegmatites located in Archean plagio-biotite and amphibole-bearing gneisses. It forms black platy crystals with a conchoidal fracture and has a specific gravity of 3.30; the hardne...

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