The purposes of the study were to examine the students’ learning effects of different physical education curriculum model, which merged Teaching Personal and Responsibility (TPSR), respectively, with the Sport Education Model (SEM) and Traditional Teaching Model (TTM) for better learning effects in high school physical education classes. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used with an experimental group (TPSR-SEM; 75 students, Mage = 16.78 ± 0.54 years) and a control group (TPSR-SEM; 58 students, Mage = 16.82 ± 0.57 years). Experimental and control group sessions spanned 32 lessons over 16 weeks. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for statistical analysis. The findings of research showed that the TPSR-SEM experimental group could improve more learning effects than the TPSR-TTM control group in the dependent variables, including sport self-efficacy, sport passion, responsibility, and game performance. We concluded that TPSR-SEM group could improve more learning effects than the TPSR-TTM group in the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains for physical education courses. It is worthy to develop TPSR-SEM in the physical education curriculum.