BackgroundPerforming transient or permanent ileostomy is one of the common procedures involved in colorectal surgery. Complication rates up to 40% have been reported in ileostomies. In this report, the effect of specific stoma care unit on ileostomy and its complications were investigated.MethodsA total of 141 patients, who were operated and underwent ileostomy, due to different causes, at Department of General Surgery, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey, between 2003 and 2006, were examined, retrospectively. Patient records were examined in terms of age, sex, surgery indications, urgent/elective state, benign/malign origin, ileostomy type, complications and stoma care, and education. χ2 test was used to compare the categorical data.ResultsAmong the patients, 95 (67%) were male and 46 (33%) were female. The mean age was 47 years (17–67). Some of the subjects (49%) were operated urgently and some (51%) were under elective conditions. The ileostomy types used included the following: end ileostomy (43%), loop ileostomy (46%), and double-barrel ileostomy (11%). Permanent ileostomy was performed in 23 patients and transient ileostomy was performed in 118 patients. The patients were operated because of either benign (48%) or malign (52%) causes. Complications developed in 37 (26%) patients. The rate of development of complication was markedly higher in ileostomies performed under urgent conditions (61% vs 39%) (P<0.001). The complications included mucocutaneous separation (12 patients), maceration in the peristomal skin (ten patients), retraction (five patients), necrosis (three patients), prolapsus (three patients), and other metabolic complications (four patients). The complications were treated with care (68%) and surgical revision (32%).ConclusionThe rate of ileostomy was found to be higher in the male patients compared to female patients. The risk of development of complications was found to be higher in ileostomies performed under urgent conditions. The most common complication observed was mucocutaneous separation. Ileostomy complications can be treated conservatively with professional care and education.

vs R1 in 1 and 5 years survival).Prognostic factors were determining the type and origin of the tumor, as well as tumor size (<2 cm longer survival).

The widespread use of immunosuppressive agents has significantly increased the rates of successful solid-organ and stem cell transplants, especially with liver and kidney. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are most commonly used for this purpose. Although these agents have different mechanisms of action, both have various adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, headache, hypertension, nephrotoxicity, and rarely epileptic seizures. In our first case, a patient presented with epileptic seizures and hemiparesis after a liver transplant, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome related to cyclosporine toxicity was considered. Once cyclosporine levels in the blood decreased, the patient had both clinical and radiologic improve ments.In our second case, a patient presented with delirium after a liver transplant. Again, when cyclosporine levels in the blood decreased, the patient showed improvement in clinical findings. Neurologic com plications may develop after liver transplant, and these complications are encountered most frequently within the first postoperative month. Neurologic complications are multifactorial; insuf ficient graft function, intracranial bleeding, cerebral infarcts, infections, and immuno suppressive drug toxicity (tacrolimus and cyclosporine) may be considered among these factors. As shown in our presented cases, most neurologic complications can be successfully treated by correcting the underlying factor.

OBJECTIVE Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are central components of today's medical environment. The fairness of AI, i.e. the ability of AI to be free from bias, has repeatedly come into question. This study investigates the diversity of the members of academia whose scholarship poses questions about the fairness of AI. METHODS The articles that combine the topics of fairness, artificial intelligence, and medicine were selected from Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase using keywords. Eligibility and data extraction from the articles were done manually and cross-checked by another author for accuracy. 375 articles were selected for further analysis, cleaned, and organized in Microsoft Excel; spatial diagrams were generated using Public Tableau. Additional graphs were generated using Matplotlib and Seaborn. The linear and logistic regressions were analyzed using Python. RESULTS We identified 375 eligible publications, including research and review articles concerning AI and fairness in healthcare. When looking at the demographics of all authors, out of 1984, 794 were female, and 1190 were male. Out of 375 first authors, 155 (41.33%) were female, and 220 (58.67%) were male. For last authors 110 (31.16%) were female, and 243 (68.84%) were male. In regards to ethnicity, 234 (62.40%) of the first authors were white, 103 (27.47%) were Asian, 24 (6.40%) were black, and 14 (3.73%) were Hispanic. For the last authors, 234 (66.29%) were white, 96 (27.20%) were Asian, 12 (3.40%) were black, and 11 (3.11%) were Hispanic. Most authors were from the USA, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The trend continued for the first and last authors of the articles. When looking at the general distribution, 1631 (82.2%) were based in high-income countries, 209 (10.5%) were based in upper-middle-income countries, 135 (6.8%) were based in lower-middle-income countries, and 9 (0.5%) were based in low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the bibliographic data revealed that there is an overrepresentation of white authors and male authors, especially in the roles of first and last author. The more male authors a paper had the more likely they were to be cited. Additionally, analysis showed that papers whose authors are based in higher-income countries were more likely to be cited more often and published in higher impact journals. These findings highlight the lack of diversity among the authors in the AI fairness community whose work gains the largest readership, potentially compromising the very impartiality that the AI fairness community is working towards.

45.5%) laparoscopic, and 122 (16.0%) open surgical management. Prior to surgical management, 9.9% (95% CI: 9.1-10.6%) of patients underwent other treatment. Symptom relief (percentage with 95% CI) was accomplished in 92.5% (91.7-93.3%), 91.4% (90.6-92.2%), 86.9% (84.9-88.9%) of patients treated with PAS, laparoscopic or open surgery, respectively. QoL was rarely examined. Cyst recurrence rates were 0.3% (0.3-0.4%), 16.4% (14.9-17.8%) and 13.1% (11.1-15.1%). Major complication rate was 0.7% (0.6-0.8%), 1.7% (1.6-1.9%) and 2.5% (2.0-2.9%), respectively. Conclusions: Similar results were found for PAS and surgery with respect to symptom relief and complications. PAS was associated with lower cyst recurrence rates than surgery. We advocate PAS as primary treatment in a stepup protocol for SHCs.