На примере чистых и смешанных древостоев хвойных пород с преобладанием сосны обыкновенной и ели европейской было проведено поисковое исследование возможностей определения состояния древостоев на основе цифровой полусферической съемки полога леса снизу вверх объективом типа «Рыбий глаз» и последующей обработки полученных изображений. Исследования были проведены на 25 пробных площадях, заложенных по европейской методике мониторинга состояния лесов ICP-Forest с регулярным их размещением по территории. На пробных площадях традиционным наземным методом были визуально определены такие показатели состояния древостоев как средние дефолиация верхней 1/3 части кроны деревьев, дефолиация всей кроны деревьев и класс повреждения древостоев. На этих же пробных площадях были получены снимки древесного полога объективом для полусферической съемки «Рыбий глаз», которые были обработаны с помощью программы открытого доступа Gap Light Analyzer. Методами регрессионного и дисперсионного анализа были установлены статистически достоверные связи между показателями состояния древостоев и их индексом листовой поверхности, полученным при обработке цифровых изображений. Показатели состояния древостоев и их индекс листовой поверхности связаны обратной зависимостью с коэффициентами детерминации от 79,8 до 87,4%. Полученные результаты позволяют в принципе разработать измерительную методику оценки состояния древостоев, обладающую свойствами объективности, технологичности, экономичности и точности. Основной целью такой методики является удаление из оценок состояния древостоев субъективного подхода, свойственного всем визуальным определениям.
On the example of pure and mixed stands of coniferous species with a predominance of Scots pine and Norway spruce, a search study was conducted to determine the state of stands based on digital hemispherical shooting of the forest canopy from bottom to top with a Fish-eye lens and subsequent processing of the images obtained. The research was carried out on 25 test areas laid down according to the European method of monitoring the state of forests ICP-Forests. On the test areas land-based method to identify indicators of the status of the forest as the average defoliationof upper 1/3 part of the trees, defoliation of all trees and the class of damage of forest stands. At the same test areas, images of the tree canopy were obtained with a Fish-eye hemispherical lens, which were processed using the Gap Light Analyzer open access program. Using regression and variance analysis methods, statistically significant relationships were established between indicators of the state of stands and their leaf area index with determination coefficient from 79,8 to 87,4%. The results obtained allow us to develop a methodology for assessing the state of stands, which are usually determined visually with a high degree of subjectivity, by measuring.
During the summer field season of 2019, the state of stands in the border zone of Russia and Finland was assessed on the basis of previously established regular network of permanent sample plots (PSP) of the ICP-Forests program. The research was conducted on the territory of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region located closely to Finnish border. PSP are arranged as a regular network with a step of 4-8 km. Each PSP is a 4-element cluster, strongly oriented to North-South and West-East, consisting of 4 subplots, on each of which evaluated the health state of 6 specially selected model trees. Also occurrence of natural damaging factors such as insects, deceases, wind withdrawals, snow and frost damage as well as manmade such as forest fires, air pollution, garbage dump was registered. Special attention was paid to assessing the availability and stock of dead wood. All collected data was put into special database and analyzed using MapInfo 10.0 Professional software to reveal spatial regularities in tree stands health status characteristics. The concept of tree stand “temperature” was used in statistical analysis of trees distribution over damage classes to interpret the tree stands health status in more holistic and transparent way.
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