Представленный обзор литературы посвящён изучению роли полиморфных вариантов гена противовоспалительного интерлейкина-10 (Interleukin-10, IL-10) в этиологии и патогенезе язвенного колита у пациентов различных этнических групп. Цель. Обобщить результаты, полученные из электронных баз данных, по изучению особенностей течения язвенного колита у пациентов разных этнических групп с учётом носительства полиморфизмов гена IL10. Материалы и методы. Выбрано 25 исследований, в том числе 4 метаанализа, посвящённых изучению ассоциативных связей однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) гена IL10, выделенного из образцов крови, в позициях -592АА/СА, -819СТ, -1082АА/GA и rs3024505 в развитии и течении язвенного колита. Результаты. Ряд исследователей из Европы, Саудовской Аравии сообщают о повышенной частоте встречаемости язвенного колита среди носителей SNP IL10-1082AА и низкой у носителей -592АА. Положительные ассоциации IL10-819CT с распространённостью язвенного колита представлены в единичных сообщениях из Европы, Ближнего Востока и в ряде исследований из Азиатских стран. Однако выявленные ассоциации даже в пределах одной популяции нередко носят противоречивый характер. Возможно, разночтения обусловлены этнической гетерогенностью групп в рассматриваемых когортах, в связи с чем необходимо продолжать эпидемиологические исследования с большим объёмом выборки в конкретных географических зонах.

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This literature review deals with specifics of the natural course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients from various ethnic groups and -308G/A and -238G/A promoter polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene. The search in PubMed, Medline, Еlibrary.ru databases has led to identify in total 20 studies, including 2 meta-analyses, on the role of TNF-α-308G/A and -238G/A gene polymorphism in the etiology and pathophysiology of IBD. The TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism is associated with increased secretion of this proinflammatory cytokine, whereas the TNF-α-238G/A genotype is characterized by reduced TNF-α secretion. A  number of studies have shown an association between TNF-α-308G/A gene polymorphism and severe course of IBD, requiring more active treatment of patients (cytostatics, corticosteroids, biological agents). Some investigators have found that the patients carriers of TNF-α-308G/A had a  higher probability of surgical interventions. The association between TNF-α-308G/A and the phenotypic characteristics of IBD has been identified in studies performed in Europe, Asia, and Russia. The association of this polymorphism with the prevalence of ulcerative colitis has been proven in some studies, in particular, in the Asian population. Similar associations have been noted in few publications originating from Europe and North America, while some studies have found no links between TNF-α-308G/A, -238G/A, and the course of IBD. TNF-α-238G/A gene polymorphism has not shown any significance for the prevalence and course of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. One can assume that the differences in the study results arising from one and the same geographical area are related to genetic heterogeneity of the study groups, phenotypic variances between the study subjects, as well as relatively small sample sizes. Currently, the search for genetic, biochemical and other prognostic criteria for IBD course is in progress. There are studies in progress to investigate the mechanisms of transformation of the genetic information into the particulars of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease manifestations, with consideration of ethnicity.

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Background: Worldwide studies of genetic material, polymorphisms and prognostic gene models for immune-associated disorders have established differences in trans-ethnic population cohorts, which determine phenotypic and other characteristics of the course of these diseases. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a  chronic immune inflammation of the colon mucosa. More than 100 gene polymorphisms associated with multiple integrated cross-talks have been discovered.Aim: To study the ITGA4, ITGB7, TNFα, IL10 genes polymorphisms in patients with ulcerative colitis belonging to the Buryat ethnic group and living in Irkutsk region, Buryat Republic and Transbaikal territory.Materials and methods: The study included a total of 49 subjects, 24 of them being UC patients and 25 healthy volunteers, compatible in gender, age and ethnic background. The molecular genetic analysis by real time polymerase chain reaction was performed with DNA samples from whole peripheral blood leucocytes.Results: The differences in the prevalence of the ITGA4(rs1143674, rs1449263), ITGB7(rs11574532), TNFα(rs1800629), and IL10(rs1800871) genotypes were non-significant (р>0.05). The IL10(rs1800896) GG homozygote patients had higher odds ratio (OR) for UC compared to the carriers of other polymorphisms (OR 24; 95%  confidence interval (CI) 2.783–206.969; р=0.001). The AA homozygote type was less frequent among UC patients compared to healthy volunteers (OR 0.17; 95%  CI 0.049–0.589; р=0.004). The analysis of genotype frequency distribution of all studied genes including clinical characteristics of the disease showed no significant results (р>0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis has shown that IL10(rs1800896)GG was an UC predictor with sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 50%  (AUC 0.760; 95% CI 0.621–0.899; p=0.002; standard error 0.71).Conclusion: The GG genotype of IL10(rs1800896) is a  UC predictor, whereas the AA genotype is significantly more prevalent among healthy subjects of the Buryat cohort.