The agricultural waste of gumitir plants stem can be used as an ingredient in producing an activated carbon. Some researchers have reported that the additions of phosphoric acid and NaOH as chemical activators have resulted in an activated carbon that met the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 06-3730-1995 about technical activated carbon. The purpose of this study was to produce and characterize the activated carbon from the stem of gumitir plants carbonized at 300oC for 90 minutes with the use of ZnCl2 as the activator. The activation was carried out by adding ZnCl2 to an amount of carbon in various mole ratios. The characteristics of the activated carbon obtained were compared to the SNI. It was evident that the addition of 0.1 mole of ZnCl2 to 1 gram of the carbon produced an activated carbon that met the SNI standard, namely, water content of 5.00%, as content of 8.33%, volatile content of 950oC of heating  of  7.36%, carbon content of 79,30%, iodine absorption capacity of 788.1271 mg/g, and methylene blue absorption capacity of 260.7917 mg/g. The surface area and surfae acidity of this carbon was of 677,6270 mg2/g and 0.3396 mmol/g, respectively. The functional group analysis of this activated carbon showed the presence of O-H, COOH, C-O aldehyde, alkaline C-C and C-H groups.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang modifikasi lempung bentonit yang teraktivasi asam dan terinterkalasi surfaktan sebagai adsorben dalam penyerapan zat warna rhodamine B. Asam yang digunakan untuk aktivasi adalah asam sulfat 1,5 M dan surfaktan untuk interkalasi digunakan surfaktan benzalkonium klorida (BKC) dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,1; 0,5; dan 1% (v/v). Karakterisasi adsorben dilakukan dengan metode difraksi sinar-X untuk menentukan perubahan basal spacing d001 dan spektrofotometer FTIR untuk menentukan gugus fungsional yang terkandung pada adsorben. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan basal spacing d001 untuk adsorben Ao, Aa, Aa0,1, Aa0,5, dan Aa1 secara berturut-turut adalah 17,3312; 17,1642; 16,1432; 16,1680; dan 19,7156 Å. Nilai keasaman permukaan tertinggi dimiliki oleh adsorben Aa0,1 yaitu sebesar 1,8657 ± 0,0111 mmol/g. Sementara nilai luas permukaan untuk adsorben Ao, Aa, Aa0,1, Aa0,5 dan Aa1 secara berturut – turut adalah 89,6888; 90,1982; 90,3896; 90,3110; dan 90,3053 m2/g. Waktu optimum adsorpsi 90 menit dapat mengadsorpsi adsorbat sebanyak 22,0944 mg/g. Kapasitas adsorpsi tertinggi dimiliki oleh adsorben terinterkalasi BKC 0,1% (Aa0,1) yaitu sebesar 10,6905 mg/g, dengan mengikuti model Freundlich dengan koefisien linier (R2) 0,980.

A montmorillonite clay modified with semiconductor metal can act as a photocatalyst material. Montmorillonite clays were chosen because of their natural characteristics which are easily to be modified and have high specific surface area. This research aims to modify montmorillonite clay into photocatalyst material. The montmorillonite clay was intercalated using Fe2O3 to produce Fe2O3-pillared montmorillonite clay, then doped with TiO2 to form a photocatalyst material Fe2O3-PILC / TiO2. Modifications were intended to increase the specific surface area and number of active photocatalyst sites and thus increase the ability of photodegradation. The characterization carried out included characterizing the pillar formation using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), specific surface area by the BET method (Bruneau, Emmet, and Teller), a the number of surface acid-base sites by the titration method. Photocatalyst with the best character was Fe2O3-PILC / TiO2 1: 3 with specific surface area, number of acid and base sites respectively 45,947 m2/g, 20,1736 x 1023 sites/gram and 19,0044 x 1023 sites/gram. The result of photodegradation at optimum condition with visible light at pH 3 using 400 mg photocatalyst was 99.84%.   Keywords: photocatalyst, Fe2O3, montmorillonite clay, TiO2, rhodamine B

Research has been conducted on processing tuna bones into flour which has a high mineral content which aims to produce nutritious biscuits in the form of food products. This study obtained the results that the tuna bone water content was 6.40% and the biscuit water content was 2.67%, the calcium and phosphorus content of tuna fish was 5.35% and 3.37%, while the biscuit dough with variations in the ratio between flour and fish bones namely 100 : 0; 95 : 5; 90 : 10; and 85 : 15 obtained the results of increased calcium content of 0.9%; 0.97%; 1.25%; and 1.29%; and phosphorus content 0.38%; 0.43%; 0.46%; and 0.60%; and the protein content is 9.32%; 11.74%; 11.99%; and 12.4

The CaO heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared by CaCO3 calcination process, with one source of CaCO3 being a crab shell from seafood waste. The preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst was successfully carried out by modification with KOH using a wet impregnation method at 800oC for 5 hours. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified crab shell and to examine the heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified shells in converting rubber seed oil into biodiesel. The results showed that the lowest basic alkalinity possessed without modified catalyst (1.0428 mmol g-1) and the highest alkali possessed potassium-modified catalyst (1.8314 mmol g-1). Characterization of specific surface area of ??crab shells without and with modified K2O were relatively the same. The surface morphology of the catalyst without and K2O modified was uniform. The catalyst examination results for conversion of rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis) to biodiesel, the optimum catalyst concentration of 3% and the molar ratio of oil:methanol of 1:9 capable converting to biodiesel with the yield of 91.05%. The content of biodiesel were stearic methyl ester, linoleic methyl ester, linolenic methyl ester, and palmitic methyl ester.