SummaryNitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) are key signalling molecules produced in response to various stimuli and involved in a diverse range of plant signal transduction processes. Nitric oxide and H 2 O 2 have been identified as essential components of the complex signalling network inducing stomatal closure in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). A close inter-relationship exists between ABA and the spatial and temporal production and action of both NO and H 2 O 2 in guard cells. This study shows that, in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells, ABA-mediated NO generation is in fact dependent on ABA-induced H 2 O 2 production. Stomatal closure induced by H 2 O 2 is inhibited by the removal of NO with NO scavenger, and both ABA and H 2 O 2 stimulate guard cell NO synthesis. Conversely, NO-induced stomatal closure does not require H 2 O 2 synthesis nor does NO treatment induce H 2 O 2 production in guard cells. Tungstate inhibition of the NOgenerating enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) attenuates NO production in response to nitrite in vitro and in response to H 2 O 2 and ABA in vivo. Genetic data demonstrate that NR is the major source of NO in guard cells in response to ABA-mediated H 2 O 2 synthesis. In the NR double mutant nia1, nia2 both ABA and H 2 O 2 fail to induce NO production or stomatal closure, but in the nitric oxide synthase deficient Atnos1 mutant, responses to H 2 O 2 are not impaired. Importantly, we show that in the NADPH oxidase deficient double mutant atrbohD/F, NO synthesis and stomatal closure to ABA are severely reduced, indicating that endogenous H 2 O 2 production induced by ABA is required for NO synthesis. In summary, our physiological and genetic data demonstrate a strong inter-relationship between ABA, endogenous H 2 O 2 and NO-induced stomatal closure.

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In the last decade the number of rail passenger journeys in Great Britain has increased by half and car trips per person are down by a tenth. Meanwhile there has been significant growth in internet use and ownership of smartphones. Travel patterns are changing in tandem with adoption of digital age innovations. At a time when Britain is also poised to invest tens of billions of pounds in high speed rail, this paper examines how the experience of rail Historically, transport analysis has stemmed from the premise that travel is a derived demand -people are undertaking journeys at a cost to them (in terms of time and money in particular)in order to realise benefit from the activities they engage in upon reaching their destinations.Relative costs between different options for travel mode, route and destination have been important considerations in attempts to interpret and model travel behaviour. Treatment of journey experience in such contexts has tended to be in terms of journey comfort, convenience, reliability and safety, alongside time and cost. There has been little interest in accounting for how people's travel time itself is used or valued within transport analysis. This may seem rather surprising given that for England in 2014, the average person spent on average one hour per day travelling (DfT, 2014a). This amounts to a daily resource of 54 million hours for the population of England as a whole -or some 62 million hours for the population of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales).However, in the last ten or so years (stemming from earlier work by Mokhtarian and Growing uncertainty about the future of car travel -In a number of countries with developed economies and mature transport systems, something peculiar has happened over the ten year period -the historic growth in total car travel (total distance travelled) has not continued and car travel per person per year (measured by distance) has in some cases been in decline (Goodwin, 2012; Goodwin and Van Denker, 2013). Attention is now being devoted to better understanding the possible factors contributing to this phenomenon. These include limited road capacity in cities, a trend in urbanisation, fewer young people learning to drive and growing reliance on digital connectivity in society -as well as economic conditions. There is no professional consensus on whether the future trend in car travel will be one of growth, plateau or decline (Lyons and Goodwin, 2014). Alongside this phenomenon (which has been given the shorthand term 'peak car') there is also now much (hyped) consideration of the prospects for a future of the car as a self-driving vehicle. This sits alongside the notion of a 'sharing economy' emerging (Botsman and Rogers, 2010) in which people are more inclined to share the use of resources including vehicles. This might lead to a greater share of car use experience being as a passenger rather than as a driver.In tandem with the developments above, questions designed by the first two authors of this explores what the implications m...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia is associated with high mortality due to a combination of host, pathogen and therapy related factors. This was a retrospective exploratory study to evaluate host, pathogen and therapy related factors influencing the clinical outcome of MRSA bacteraemia in a UK teaching hospital setting. Of the 38 consecutive episodes of MRSA bacteraemia over a 1-year period, 16 of 38 (40%) patients died at 1 month and 21/38 (55%) died at 6 months. Univariate analysis revealed age (p < 0.006), mean serum vancomycin level (p < 0.035), agr group I (p < 0.036) and set4-var2_11 gene (p < 0.036) at 1 month; and age (p < 0.004) and set4-var2_11 gene (p < 0.002) at 6 months as significant factors. However, there was no association between first trough vancomycin concentration and outcome at 1 month. Multivariate survival analysis from time of admission showed, for each one year increase in age, a patient is 1.121 (95% CI 1.006-1.250, p < 0.007) times more likely to die at any particular point in time, and patients with a mean serum vancomycin level of <10 mg/L, the odds ratio of adverse outcome is 16.129 (95% CI 2.398-111.111) compared to patients with a mean serum level >10 mg/L. A variety of host, pathogen, and therapy related factors influence the clinical outcome of MRSA bacteraemia.