finding hidden bodies, believed to have been murdered and buried, is problematic, expensive in terms of human resource and currently has low success rates for law enforcement agencies. Here we present, for the first time, ten years of multidisciplinary geophysical monitoring of simulated clandestine graves using animal analogues. Results will provide forensic search teams with crucial information on optimal detection techniques, equipment configuration and datasets for comparison to active and unsolved cold case searches. electrical Resistivity (eR) surveys showed a naked burial produced large, lowresistivity anomalies for up to four years, but then the body became difficult to image. A wrapped burial had consistent small, high-resistivity anomalies for four years, then large high-resistivity anomalies until the survey period end. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 110-900 MHz surveys showed the wrapped burial could be detected throughout. 225 MHz GPR data was optimal, but the naked burial was poorly imaged after six years. Results suggested conducting both eR and GpR surveys if the burial style was unknown when searching for interred remains. Surveys in winter and spring produced the best datasets, and, as post-burial time increases, surveying in these seasons became increasingly important. this multidisciplinary study provides critical new insights for law enforcement and families of the disappeared worldwide. Available statistics for missing persons globally vary. For example, in the United Kingdom, ~250,000 are reported missing every year, but, of those, only ~2,500 are still missing after a year 1. In the United States, ~650,000 are reported missing every year, but only ~90,000 are still missing after a year 2. Whilst these still missing numbers are comparatively small, for the families of the missing it is obviously of crucial importance for them to be found, not only for closure if they have been the victim of a homicide, but also to know that justice for the perpetrator(s) has been served. However, current success rates to find the missing are low, with high profile examples being Madeleine McCann in Portugal and Ben Needham in Greece, sadly both presumed dead. Forensic search methods vary widely. A search strategist may be involved in a case at an early stage to decide which methods would have the highest probability of search success 3 , but this is not for every case globally, and investigations may not be standardised or indeed different techniques undertaken, depending on local experience 4. Metal detector search teams 5-7 and specially-trained victim recovery dogs 7-9 are both commonly used during initial investigations or as part of phased sequential search programmes. Forensic investigators have been increasingly using geoforensic methods in civil or criminal forensic investigations, predominantly to assist search teams as they attempt to locate missing persons or for trace evidence purposes 10-13. Locating homicide victims buried within clandestine graves is one of the most important and difficult ch...

The Dent Fault System forms part of the Pennine Boundary Fault System in northern England and consists of a series of vertical to steeply west-dipping, anastomosing fault strands generally striking 010°–020°. Maximum throw on the faults occurs in the south, where an easterly downthrow juxtaposes Carboniferous and Lower Palaeozoic rocks. The amount of easterly downthrow decreases northward, and westerly downthrow occurs along its northernmost extension. An east-facing and slightly overturned monocline is dissected by the fault strands along the length of the fault system, irrespective of the amount or sense of displacement across the zone. A number of features suggest that the observed structural relationships are not simply the results of E-W directed, post-Carboniferous compression as previously thought. The most significant are: (1) the variable amount and sense of displacement along the length of the sub-vertical fault system, (2) east-directed reverse faults exhibiting oblique- and strike-slip slickenside striations, that locally may form a partial- or half-flower structure, (3) folds developed both sub-parallel and en echelon to the main fault zone, (4) the existence of conjugate sets of shear fractures, (5) the occurrence of structures analogous to strike-slip duplexes, and (6) regional considerations. Instead, it is suggested that the fault system represents an Early Palaeozoic lineament, reactivated during Carboniferous and into early Permian time. It accommodated both the formation and N–S directed shortening (inversion) of early Carboniferous basins and later NE–SW directed extension during the formation of the Vale of Eden half-graben, by oblique-slip movement along its length. Younger movements may also have occurred but are difficult to document and are not thought to be large.

The Bar Hill-Whitchurch-Wrexham

Mining, water-reservoir impoundment, underground gas storage, geothermal energy exploitation and hydrocarbon extraction have the potential to cause rock deformation and earthquakes, which may be hazardous for people, infrastructure and the environment. Restricted access to data constitutes a barrier to assessing and mitigating the associated hazards. thematic Core Service anthropogenic Hazards (tCS aH) of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) provides a novel e-research infrastructure. the core of this infrastructure, the IS-EPOS Platform (tcs.ah-epos.eu) connected to international data storage nodes offers open access to large grouped datasets (here termed episodes), comprising geoscientific and associated data from industrial activity along with a large set of embedded applications for their efficient data processing, analysis and visualization. The novel team-working features of the IS-EPOS Platform facilitate collaborative and interdisciplinary scientific research, public understanding of science, citizen science applications, knowledge dissemination, data-informed policymaking and the teaching of anthropogenic hazards related to georesource exploitation. tCS aH is one of 10 thematic core services forming EPOS, a solid earth science European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) (www.epos-ip.org).

A study site of derelict coalmine workings near Shrewsbury, United Kingdom was the focus for multi-phase, near-surface geophysical investigations. Investigation objectives were: 1) site characterization for remaining relict infrastructure foundations, 2) locate an abandoned coalmine shaft, 3) determine if the shaft was open, filled or partially filled and 4) determine if the shaft was capped (and if possible characterize the capping material).Phase one included a desktop study and 3D microgravity modelling of the relict coalmine shaft thought to be on site. In phase two, electrical and electromagnetic surveys to determine site resistivity and conductivity were acquired together with fluxgate gradiometry and an initial microgravity survey. Phase three targeted the phase two geophysical anomalies and acquired high-resolution self potential and ground penetrating radar datasets. The phased-survey approach minimised site activity and survey costs.Geophysical results were compared and interpreted to characterize the site, the microgravity models were used to validate interpretations. Relict buildings, railway track remains with associated gravel and a partially filled coalmine shaft were located. Microgravity proved optimal to locate the mineshaft with radar profiles showing 'side-swipe' effects from the mineshaft that did not directly underlie survey lines.Geophysical interpretations were then verified with subsequent geotechnical intrusive investigations. Comparisons of historical map records with intrusive geotechnical site investigations show care must be taken using map data alone, as the latter mineshaft locations was found to be inaccurate.