The purpose of the present study was to provide a detailed analysis of the physical demands of competitive international 3 female soccer match-play. A total of 148 individual match 4 observations were undertaken on 107 outfield players 5 competing in competitive international matches during the 6 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons, using a computerized 7 tracking system (Prozone Sports Ltd., Leeds, England). Total 8 distance (TD) and total high-speed running distances (THSR) 9 were influenced by playing position, with central midfielders 10 (CM) completing the highest (10985±706 m and 2882±500 m) 11 and central defenders (CD) the lowest (9489±562 m and 12 1901±268 m) distances, respectively. Greater total very high-13 speed running (TVHSR) distances were completed when a 14 team was without (399±143 m) compared to with (313±210 m) 15 possession of the ball. The majority of sprints were over short 16 distances with 76 % and 95 % being less than 5 m and 10 m, 17 respectively. Between half reductions in physical performance 18 were present for all variables, independent of playing position. 19 The current study provides novel findings regarding the 20 physical demands of different playing positions in competitive 21 international female match-play and provides important 22 insights for physical coaches preparing elite female players for 23 competition. 24 25 Match physical performance of elite female soccer players 2

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Background The relationship between well-being and mental ill health is complex; people may experience very low levels of well-being even in the absence of overt mental health problems. Aims This study tested the hypothesis that anxiety, depression and well-being have different causal determinants and psychological mediating mechanisms. Method The influence of causal and mediating factors on anxiety, depression and well-being were investigated in a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey hosted on a UK national broadcasting website. Results Multivariate conditional independence analysis of data from 27 397 participants revealed different association pathways for the two constructs. Anxiety and depression were associated with negative life events mediated by rumination; low levels of subjective well-being were associated with material deprivation and social isolation, mediated by adaptive coping style. Conclusions Our findings support the 'two continua' model of the relationship between psychological well-being and mental health problems, with implications for both treatment and prevention.

BackgroundManagement of nightlife in UK cities focuses on creating safe places for individuals to drink. Little is known about intoxication levels as measuring total alcohol consumption on nights out is complicated by early evening interviews missing subsequent consumption and later interviews risking individuals being too drunk to recall consumption or participate at all. Here we assess mixed survey and modelling techniques as a methodological approach to examining these issues.MethodsInterviews with a cross sectional sample of nightlife patrons (n = 214) recruited at different locations in three cities established alcohol consumption patterns up to the point of interview, self-assessed drunkenness and intended drinking patterns throughout the remaining night out. Researchers observed individuals' behaviours to independently assess drunkenness. Breath alcohol tests and general linear modelling were used to model blood alcohol levels at participants' expected time of leaving nightlife settings.ResultsAt interview 49.53% of individuals regarded themselves as drunk and 79.43% intended to consume more alcohol before returning home, with around one in ten individuals (15.38% males; 4.35% females) intending to consume >40 units (equal to 400 mls of pure alcohol). Self-assessed drunkenness, researcher observed measures of sobriety and blood alcohol levels all correlated well. Modelled estimates for blood alcohol at time of going home suggested that 71.68% of males would be over 0.15%BAC (gms alcohol/100 mls blood). Higher blood alcohol levels were related to drinking later into the night.ConclusionsUK nightlife has used substantive health and judicial resources with the aim of creating safer and later drinking environments. Survey and modelling techniques together can help characterise the condition of drinkers when using and leaving these settings. Here such methods identified patrons as routinely getting drunk, with risks of drunkenness increasing over later nights. Without preventing drunkenness and sales to intoxicated individuals, extended drinking hours can simply act as havens for drunks. A public health approach to nightlife is needed to better understand and take into account the chronic effects of drunkenness, the damages arising after drunk individuals leave city centres and the costs of people avoiding drunken city centres at night.

Time-to-event analysis is important in a wide range of applications from clinical prognosis to risk modeling for credit scoring and insurance. In risk modeling, it is sometimes required to make a simultaneous assessment of the hazard arising from two or more mutually exclusive factors. This paper applies to an existing neural network model for competing risks (PLANNCR), a Bayesian regularization with the standard approximation of the evidence to implement automatic relevance determination (PLANNCR-ARD). The theoretical framework for the model is described and its application is illustrated with reference to local and distal recurrence of breast cancer, using the data set of Veronesi (1995).