Plot-scale field measurements are necessary to monitor changes to tundra vegetation, which has a small stature and high spatial heterogeneity, while satellite remote sensing can be used to track coarser changes over larger regions. In this study, we explored the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photographic surveys to map low-Arctic vegetation at an intermediate scale. A multicopter was used to capture highly overlapping, subcentimetre photographs over a 2 ha site near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories. Images were processed into ultradense 3D point clouds and 1 cm resolution orthomosaics and vegetation height models using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) methods. Shrub vegetation heights measured on the ground were accurately represented using SfM point cloud data (r 2 = 0.96, SE = 8 cm, n = 31) and a combination of spectral and height predictor variables yielded an 11-class classification with 82% overall accuracy. Differencing repeat UAV surveys before and after manually trimming shrub patches showed that vegetation height decreases in trimmed areas (− 6.5 cm, SD = 21 cm). Based on these findings, we conclude that UAV photogrammetry provides a promising, cost-efficient method for high-resolution mapping and monitoring of tundra vegetation that can be used to bridge the gap between plot and satellite remote sensing measurements.Key words: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), unmanned aircraft system (UAS), Arctic, shrubs, vegetation, Structure-from-Motion, photogrammetry.Résumé : Des mesures sur des parcelles de terrain sont nécessaires afin de surveiller les changements de la végétation de la toundra, qui a une petite stature et une grande hétéro-généité spatiale, tandis que la télédétection par satellite peut être utilisée pour suivre les changements plus importants sur de plus vastes régions. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons exploré les possibilités d'utiliser des relevés photographiques effectués au moyen d'un véhicule aérien sans pilote (UAV) afin de cartographier la végétation du BasArctique à une échelle intermédiaire. Un multicoptère a été utilisé pour prendre des photographies très chevauchantes subcentrimétriques sur un site de 2 ha près de Tuktoyaktuk, Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Des images ont été transformées en nuages de points en 3D et orthomosaïques en résolution 1 cm et modèles de la hauteur de la végétation en utilisant les méthodes de la structure par le mouvement « Structure-from-Motion » (SfM). Les hauteurs de la végétation arbustive mesurées sur le terrain ont été précisément représentées en utilisant les données SfM des nuages de points (r 2 = 0.96, erreur type = 8 cm, n = 31) et une combinaison de variables spectrales et prédictives de la hauteur ont donné une classification à 11 classes avec une exactitude générale de 82%. La différenciation des relevés d'UAV répétés pris avant et après la taille manuelle des parcelles d'arbustes a montré des diminutions de la hauteur de la végétation dans les zones où il y a eu la taille (−6.5 cm, écart type = 21 cm). Selon ces résult...
Analysis of coarse resolution (∼1 km) satellite imagery has provided evidence of vegetation changes in arctic regions since the mid-1980s that may be attributable to climate warming. Here we investigate finer-scale changes to northern vegetation over the same period using stacks of 30 m resolution Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite images. Linear trends in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and tasseled cap indices are derived for four widely spaced national parks in northern Canada. The trends are related to predicted changes in fractional shrub and other vegetation covers using regression tree classifiers trained with plot measurements and high resolution imagery. We find a consistent pattern of greening (6.1-25.5% of areas increasing) and predicted increases in vascular vegetation in all four parks that is associated with positive temperature trends. Coarse resolution (3 km) NDVI trends were not detected in two of the parks that had less intense greening. A range of independent studies and observations corroborate many of the major changes observed.
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