The successful viral detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater at various pooled scales (1-4) and discovery in the USA of B.1.1.7 , B.1.351 and P.1 variants (5), has led to an interest in developing reliable population-level wastewater viral genomic surveillance. The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 sequences reported to be circulating in the USA, have been determined by sequencing clinical samples; however, these variants can also be surveilled by sequencing wastewater samples (6-9). As of March 2021, the variants of concern - B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 have been widely detected in clinical samples from 47 states in the USA. In Kentucky, only five clinical cases have been linked to the presence of these variants (5),which could indicate incomplete surveillance. Broadening the application of genomic surveillance using wastewater in the community could enhance SARS-CoV-2 variant population monitoring. In this communication, we report on the genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater samples in Jefferson County, KY. Samples were collected from manholes and treatment facilities, covering populations of 8,000 to 350,000 people (Table 1). RNA isolated from wastewater samples was used to quantify SARS-CoV-2 and analyze the genetic variation through high-throughput sequencing (See Supplementary Methods). Bioinformatics approaches were used to rapidly identify single nucleotide genetic alterations, which were compared with known variants of interest and concern. In February 2021, we analyzed seven wastewater samples for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance (Figure 1). We did not detect genetic variations indicative of any current variant of concern, beyond the widespread D614G spike protein mutation (Supplementary Methods Tables 2-5). In all samples, we identified at least four of ten mutations consistent with the presence of the variant of interest B.1.429, and one sample contained seven of ten mutations (Table 2). The B.1.429 variant was confirmed in patient samples in Kentucky in January 2021 (10), and a single patient in the study area was reported to be positive for B.1.1.7 on February 9, 2021 (11). With our current metrics we flagged sites 833, 891, and Treatment plant #2 for potential presence of variant B.1.429 (3/7 sites). Differences in the scale of sample pooling in the community revealed unanticipated inconsistencies in variant representation. Specifically, variants observed in smaller catchment areas, such as neighborhood manhole locations, were not observed in downstream treatment plants, suggesting catchment size or population could impact the ability to detect diversity. Given the highly variable viral genome sequence coverage recovered from wastewater samples, there is an urgent need to develop a set of consistent thresholds constituting positive/negative presence of a variant. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater may warn of an emerging variant of concern and identify variant dominance occurring when a new variant is introduced in a community. Wastewater genetic monitoring may be particularly useful in the context of limited clinical sample sequencing capacity because a broad perspective on the genetic diversity can be obtained from a few samples. To develop comprehensive epidemiological frameworks required to guide policy, population-level wastewater surveillance of viral genetic diversity should be complemented by clinical sample testing.

Throughout the course of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic there has been a need for approaches that enable rapid monitoring of public health using an unbiased and minimally invasive means. A major way this has been accomplished is through the regular assessment of wastewater samples by qRT-PCR to detect the prevalence of viral nucleic acid with respect to time and location. Further expansion of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring efforts to include the detection of variants of interest/concern through next-generation sequencing has enhanced the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In this report, we detail the results of a collaborative effort between public health and metropolitan wastewater management authorities and the University of Louisville to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic through the monitoring of aggregate wastewater samples over a period of 28 weeks. Through the use of next-generation sequencing approaches the polymorphism signatures of Variants of Concern / Interest were evaluated to determine the likelihood of their prevalence within the community on the basis of their relative dominance within sequence datasets. Our data indicate that wastewater monitoring of water quality treatment centers and smaller neighborhood-scale catchment areas is a viable means by which the prevalence and genetic variation of SARS-CoV-2 within a metropolitan community of approximately one million individuals may be monitored, as our efforts detected the introduction and emergence of variants of concern in the city of Louisville. Importantly, these efforts confirm that regional emergence and spread of variants of interest/concern may be detected as readily in aggregate wastewater samples as compared to the individual wastewater sheds. Furthermore, the information gained from these efforts enabled targeted public health efforts including increased outreach to at-risk communities and the deployment of mobile or community-focused vaccination campaigns.

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Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is a potent immunomodulator exploitable in mucosal vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. To aid in the characterization of pleiotropic biological functions of CTB and its variants, we generated a panel of anti-CTB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). By ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, two mAbs, 7A12B3 and 9F9C7, were analyzed for their binding affinities to cholera holotoxin (CTX), CTB, and EPICERTIN: a recombinant CTB variant possessing mucosal healing activity. Both 7A12B3 and 9F9C7 bound efficiently to CTX, CTB, and EPICERTIN with equilibrium dissociation constants at low to sub-nanomolar concentrations but bound weakly, if at all, to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit. In a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay using Caco2 human colon epithelial cells, the 7A12B3 mAb was found to be a potent inhibitor of CTX, whereas 9F9C7 had relatively weak inhibitory activity. Meanwhile, the 9F9C7 mAb effectively detected CTB and EPICERTIN bound to the surface of Caco2 cells and mouse spleen leukocytes by flow cytometry. Using 9F9C7 in immunohistochemistry, we confirmed the preferential localization of EPICERTIN in colon crypts following oral administration of the protein in mice. Collectively, these mAbs provide valuable tools to investigate the biological functions and preclinical development of CTB variants.

Presented here is the whole-genome sequence of a previously uncharacterized species of the genus Planococcus. A 16S sequence analysis shows that this bacterium exhibits 98% sequence identity to the closest relative of Planococcus kocurii. Whereas most species of Planococcus produce yellow to orange pigments, the species described here produces black pigmentation.