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A total of 44 species are placed in the genus Dacus inSouth-east Asia and divided amongst four subgenera, viz.Callantra Walker, Dacus Fabricius,DidacusCollart and LeptoxydaMacquart. In all, 27 species are revised and the following 17 new speciesdescribed: Dacus (Callantra)ambonensis, D.(C.) atrimarginatus,D. (C.)calirayae, D.(C.)feijeni,D. (C.)insulosus, D.(C.) lagunae,D. (C.)leongi, D.(C.) maculipterus,D. (C.)murphyi, D.(C.) nanggalae,D. (C.)ooii, D.(C.) ramanii,D.(C.)siamensis,D. (C.)tenebrosus, D.(C.) vijaysegarani,D. (C.)wallacei, Dacus(Dacus) santongae. A key tospecies within the genus Dacus is presented based oncharacters that bypass subgeneric groupings, because of the presentuncertainty of subgeneric limits. Information is given on location of typespecimens, host plants, attractant records and geographic distributions.Lectotypes are designated for D. conopsoides de Meijere, D. esakii (Shiraki),D. icariiformis Enderlein andD. persicus Hendel. Thirteen new synonymies withinDacus are established:Callantra ihai Shiraki [ofDacus esakii (Shiraki)];Callantra smieroides Walker,Mellesis destillatoria Bezzi,Mellesis eumenoides Bezzi,Mellesis bioculata Bezzi,Callantra unifasciatus Hardy,Callantra variegata Wang (all ofDacus longicornis Wiedemann);Mellesis apicalis Shiraki [ofDacus nummularius(Bezzi)];Callantra munroi Zaka-ur-Rab,Callantra nepalensis Hardy,Callantra quadristriata Munro [all ofDacus polistiformis (Senior-White)];Callantra ziae Wang [ofDacus satanas (Hering)];Dacus cocciniae Premlata & Awtar Singh (ofDacus ciliatus Loew).Dacus persicus Hendel is removed from synonymy withD. longistylus Wiedemann.Sinodacus fuscans Wang is placed as a new synonym ofBactrocera brachycera(Bezzi).

Abstract. Convective groundwater motion can be generated in aquifers beneath and adjacent to saline lakes. Such motions strongly control the subsurface distribution of salts, the formation of saline minerals, and the distribution of contaminants that may be disposed of in the saline lake. In particular, schemes to use saline lakes as evaporation basins for irrigation waste waters must consider the groundwater dynamics associated with convection. The convection is driven by the evaporative concentration of salts at the land surface, leading to an unstable distribution of density. However, the evaporative groundwater discharge can dynamically stabilize this saline boundary layer and inhibit convection. In this work we investigate the nature and onset of convection for a range of boundary conditions typically found in saline lakes. Processes involved in the accumulation of salt at the surface of a groundwater discharge zone and in the gravitational instability of the near-surface groundwater are considered. Results of theoretical stability analysis are applied through laboratory and numerical experimentation to the more complex geometries typically found in the field. These comparisons indicate that for large saline lakes, the stability of the saline boundary layer can be parameterized by traditional Rayleigh criteria, in which the aquifer permeability and the evaporation rate from the lake bed are principal controlling factors. For typical saline lake environments, convection will dominate in sediments whose permeability exceeds approximately 10 -14 m 2. Below this threshold permeability, the boundary layer should be stabilized by the evaporative flux, resulting in the accumulation of salts and evaporites at the land surface. These results provide insight into the predictive behavior of groundwater dynamics and solute distributions in many natural systems.

Most approaches to modeling lactation curves involve parametric curves with fixed or random coefficients. In either case, the resulting models require the specification on an underlying parametric curve. The fitting of splines represents a semiparametric approach to the problem. In the context of animal breeding, cubic smoothing splines are particularly convenient because they can be incorporated into a suitably constructed mixed model. The potential for the use of splines in modeling lactation curves is explored with a simple example, and the results are compared with those using a random regression model. The spline model provides greater flexibility at the cost of additional computation. Splines are shown to be capable of picking up features of the lactation curve that are missed by the random regression model.