BackgroundDiabetic foot care is vital as it is preventable complication but dangerous even a small trauma can end with serious consequences. Diabetes may cause nerve damage that affects feet sensation. Diabetes may also reduce blood flow to the feet, making it harder to heal an injury or resist infection. Because of these problems, patients may lose notice of early foot abnormalities. Diabetic patients' awareness regarding how to care for their feet plays a significant role in preventing these complications. MethodsA correlation cross-sectional study was conducted targeting all diabetic patients aging 20 years or more. Online questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their relatives and friends. The questionnaire included patient personal data, patients' knowledge regarding diabetic foot, attitude and practice regarding the risk of diabetic foot among diabetic patients. ResultsA total of 1,000 diabetic patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Exact of 77.5% of the patients know that Diabetics can get gangrene in the foot, 74.9% know diabetics can develop ulcers in the foot, 66.7% reported that Diabetes can reduce blood flow to the feet of diabetic patients, 66.6% agreed that diabetic patients can suffer from a lack of sensation in the feet. Exact of 84.5% of the study participants agreed that Diabetics should check for any wounds on their feet daily, 78.7% agreed that Diabetics should visit a doctor when there is any infection or wound in the feet, 76.6% think that diabetic patients should wear specialized shoes to avoid diabetic foot according to the doctor's instructions. A total of 822 (82.2%) of the study patients wash their feet daily, and 295 (29.5%) usually wear cotton socks regularly and 39.6% sometimes wear the stock. Only 192 (19.2%) regularly walk barefoot and 41.7% sometimes do. ConclusionIn conclusion, the current study results showed that nearly two out of each three diabetic patients were knowledgeable for diabetic foot and its care. High knowledge was associated with young age, high education and having family member with diabetes mellitus (DM). Also, patients had a good attitude towards diabetic foot care and the effect of diabetes on foot health with to some level accepted practice except for some issues.

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa that is clinically associated with sinus pressure, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and a decreased sense of smell that lasts more than 12 weeks. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for medically refractory CRS is mainly undergone to improve sinus function and access to topical medicinal treatments. However, olfactory changes after ESS can be unpredictable. Aim The current study aimed to assess olfactory change patterns after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods A record-based retrospective study was conducted in Aseer Central Hospital (ACH) ear, nose, and throat outpatient (ENT OPD) department and Khamis Mushayt General Hospital from August 15, 2021, to December 15, 2021. Data were collected using pre-structured data extraction sheet to avoid errors. Data extracted and collected included patients’ biodemographic data, CRS-associated symptoms, and endoscopic surgery-related data, including duration since surgery, presurgical medications, and duration of surgery. Also, postsurgical complications were extracted, especially olfactory complications. Results A total of 168 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery in the Aseer region were included. Patient ages ranged from 10 to 61 years, with a mean age of 39.8 ± 12.4 years old. Regarding the associated symptoms and complaints of the study patients, 110 (65.5%) complained of sinusitis, and 86 (51.2%) had allergic RS. The postsurgical complications of patients with CRS who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery were olfactory dysfunction (OD) in 32 (19%), no complications in 115 (68.55%), and other nonspecific complications, such as headache, drowsiness, nose dryness, and bleeding, in 21 (12.55%). Also, 71 (42.3%) reported that they hardly perceive the fragrance in perfumeries. Conclusion In conclusion, olfactory impairment is a frequent clinical presentation in patients with CRS. In this study, olfactory dysfunction was improved, except among nearly one out of each five patients after ESS. Olfactory dysfunction was more among patients who had undergone recent surgery and those with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Also, among patients who reported no complications, olfactory function did not return to normal in most patients as they hardly perceive fragrance.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a multi-systemic disease marked by hyperglycaemia, is becoming more common around the world. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known cause of many ophthalmic problems, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular oedema, cataract, refractive change, and micro-vascular paralytic strabismus. A significant public health effort has been made to create ocular screening regimens for diabetic patients, beginning at a young age. Aim: to assess the knowledge of diabetic children regarding the risk of ocular complications and prevalence of ocular complications among diabetic children. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used targeting all accessible diabetic children aged less than 18 years or their care givers in Aseer region. Data were collected from participants using an online pre-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire covered the following data: participants’ socio-demographic data, diabetes related clinical data. The third part covered participants’ knowledge using multiple responses and mutually exclusive questions. The questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers during the period from 17 November 2021 to 2 June 2022. All accessible and eligible population in the study setting were invited to fill in the attached tool. Results: A total of 499 children fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Exactly 275 (55.1%) were males and 224 (44.9%) were females. None of the sampled children had other co-morbidities. Exactly 188 (37.7%) children had been diagnosed with DM for 6-10 years, 179 (35.9%) diagnosed for 11-15 years while 43 (8.65%) were diagnosed for less than 5 years. About 88% of the study participants agreed that diabetes may cause eye-related complications, and 87.6% agreed that early detection of eye diseases associated with diabetes may reduce their complications. A total of 85.2% think that the annual visit to the ophthalmologist for diabetics is important. Good control of HbA1c as the best method to prevent diabetic eye complications was known by 67.3% of the study participants. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that diabetic eye complications among children were not frequent with poor diabetic control. Participants’ knowledge regarding diabetes eye related complications was on average especially for the significance of ophthalmologist visits and early detection of the disorders. Keywords: Diabetes, eye complications, children, care givers, knowledge, awareness, Saudi Arabia