Papillary renal cell carcinoma (especially type 2) is a Pandora's box with many newly described renal cell carcinomas emerging from it as a result of enhanced molecular techniques. Biphasic hyalinizing psammomatous renal cell carcinoma (BHPRCC) is the latest addition, which was first described a few months ago. Here, we report a case of BHPRCC to supplement the very limited literature available about this entity, and to highlight the characteristic morphology as well as the recurring molecular alterations in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene.

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Multiple groups have recently reported involvement of the gallbladder mucosa of immunocompetent patients by cystoisospora organisms. However, this has recently been disproved with the support of molecular and ultrastructural studies. Here we present a summary of these events, recounting how this pseudo-Cystoisospora epidemic began and ended. This review also highlights the important role played by ancillary techniques in supplementing the morphologic diagnosis of pathogens.

Purpose: To discuss a case of shared optometric-ophthalmic (O-O) approach in objectively refracting and examining a paediatric high myope under general anaesthesia. Methods: A paediatric high myope was cyclopleged then underwent objective retinoscopy under general anaesthesia within a surgical theatre setting. Corneal diameter, interpupillary distance, immersion biometry axial lengths, intraocular pressures, keratometry readings, A-scan and B-scan ultrasound images were all subsequently obtained. Lastly, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopic examination with 360º scleral indentation was carried out. A comprehensive O-O report was dispensed with all collated parameters. Results: A refractive error of -11.00DS bilaterally was measured. Ocular health assessment showed no significant myopic abnormalities. The patient was dispensed spectacles and adapted well with improved comfort. Low dose atropine myopia control was commenced. Conclusion: O-O shared care in refracting and examining difficult and highly myopic paediatric cases under general anaesthesia is a useful and effective tool.