We analysed four different Sudanese roselle samples for their potential as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, saponins and sterols in all samples. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) was used to identify and characterise five anthocyanins in all samples: cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy-3-glu), delphinidin-3-sambubioside (dp-3-sam), cyanidin-3-rhamnoside (cy-3-rhm), delphinidin-3‑rhamnoside (dp-3-rhm) and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (pg-3-glu). Identification of cy-3-rhm, dp-3-rhm and pg-3-glu confirmed the selectivity and sensitivity of LC-MS as a powerful technique for identifying anthocyanins. In silico studies of the identified anthocyanins were performed to explore their promising inhibitory activity toward XO. Interactions between the ligand and the enzyme were via the H-bond, and hydrophobic (π-alkyl, π-sigma and alkyl) and/or electrostatic (π-cation) bonds. Inhibition of the anthocyanins was compared with that of topiroxostat, a commercial drug for hyperuricaemia. Dp-3-rhm was the most active inhibitor with a binding energy of ca. -10.90 kcal/mol compared to topiroxostat’s binding energy of ca. -8.60 kcal/mol. The good inhibition results obtained from anthocyanins toward XO suggest their application as a drug candidate to treat gout and other diseases related to the activity of XO.

Environmental study was carried out to describe a geographical area and its biodiversity. The example here shows the features of human nutrition habits and quality of life with specific study of negative impact on the environment and Earth resources.Tuti Island in Sudan was prone to this complex problem so it is taken as a case study. The hypothesis is that the use of RS and GIS could help in reconstruction of unused territories so it could help to solve the problem. Changes of land use and land cover were observed using classified Landsat 5 images in 1972, Landsat 7 in 1985 and Landsat 8 in 2018.The results showed that several temporal changes occurred beside turning dense tree cover land into lands with other landuse purposes for 1972, 1985 and 2018. Agricultural zones (crops and trees) were major dominant zones in 1972, 1985 and 2018. In addition, populated residential areas increased through time but not as significantly as trees, sand and cropping landuse areas (P=0.89082) as for the classified Landsat 8 image acquired in 2018. Ecosystem planning through GIS and RS could be a good way to solve most of these issues for the future of Tuti Island landuse.

Sudanese Fula crude oil, from the western region, is considered highly viscous and acidic and contains high amounts of heteroatoms (N and O) but a low sulfur content. This work presents an original and comprehensive analysis of its molecular composition in addition to an investigation of the effect of temperature and catalyst on the treatment of the acid fraction. The analysis was performed using a high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometer and Orbitrap-Elite with different ionization methods. The results reveal that the Fula crude oil contains a high abundance of nitrogen composition homologue classes N[H], NO 2 [H], and NO[H]. Their hydrocarbon composition includes low to high aromatic hydrocarbons. The number of oxygen classes varies from acids containing monocarboxylic acids of O 2 to acids of multiple carboxylic and phenolic group (C x H y O 3 to C x H y O 15 ) classes, which indicate a high content of acidic moiety of 0.765%. In addition to oxygen classes, the acidic fraction that is present as a NO x series indicates the presence of carboxylic carbazole acidic fraction. Low-temperature crude oil treatment at 200 °C decreases the intensity of acids. No significant reduction to low masses was observed; however, there was a clear reduction to high masses. At a high temperature of 350 °C, the carboxylic acid intensity increases (O 2 classes), and thus, heating crude oil to 350 °C is unfavorable as it increases the amount of monocarboxylic acids, which are primarily responsible for corrosion in refinery units. Predicted TAN values of residual samples show a reduction in TAN of 62% using thermal treatment at 200 °C, whereas there is an increase in TAN of 5% at 350 °C. A great reduction in acidity results from catalytic treatment with a transition metal catalyst of cobalt and iridium complex. A reduction in all acidic oils is observed; however, the greater reduction is found in mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Catalytic treatment is shown to result in an 85% reduction in predicted TAN values.

Bromate ion was determined by ion chromatography with spectro-photometric detection after post column reaction witho-dianisidine reagent in acidic medium. IonPac AS19 anion-exchange column was used with 20 mM sodium hydroxide eluent. The eluent from the column was then allowed to react witho-dianisidine at 60 °C. The developed colour of the final product was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. Linearity of the method was checked up to 200 μg/L by using 200 μL sample injection volume and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.9998. The method detection limit was 0.56 μg/L and the precision was 6.2% at 100 μg/L. The spiked recovery for bromate in water samples was 93%. Interferences from some anionseg. nitrate, chloride and nitrite were studied. The method was applied for the determination of bromate ion in ten sudanese bottled drinking water. Bromate was detected in 60% of the samples at concentrations ranged between 5-169 μg/L.

This study aims to identify anthocyanin pigments in Sudanese roselle and examine their inhibitory activity toward xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme via in silico docking approach. A number of four samples of Sudanese roselle (red and white) from different regions of Sudan were investigated by high sensitive technique, i.e. LC-MS to identify anthocyanins. Four anthocyanins were identified in all samples; delphinidin-3-glucoside (Dp-3-glu), cyanidin-3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam), pelargonidin chloride (Pg Chloride), and petuinidin-3-glucoside (Pt-3-glu); in addition to one flavanol; gossypetin (Goss). The anthocyanins of the white samples are suggested to be presented in the yellowish or colorless pseudo base structures. The identified anthocyanins were tested against the inhibition toward xanthine oxidase via molecular docking. All anthocyanins were found to be excellent XO inhibitors superior to the most recent commercially used hyperuricemia drug; i.e. topiroxostat. The binding energies of the complexes (ligand-XO) are lower than the energy of the topiroxostat-XO complex. The binding energies order is: pt-3- dp-3-glu > cy-3-sam > goss > pg chloride. According to our investigation, roselle anthocyanins are considered as good potential future XO-inhibitors drugs; and promising candidates to treat several related diseases.