The literatures and researches show that the reaction between phenol and acetone is too slow in the absence of catalyst, but it proceeds with formation of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of acidic catalyst or any strong acid [1]. Although the BPA formation depends on the molar ratio of reactants (acetone and phenol), using a different solvents or catalysts will not deny the effect of the BPA on human health. It is only enhancing the reaction ratio between phenol and acetone and improves the selectivity. There are different catalysts and solvents have been tested and their effects on the process and BPA yields were evaluated. However, as the reaction proceeded to increase the water concentration, the inhibition effect of water reduces the reaction rate and gives low yield. This will not eliminate the impacts of BPA directly or indirectly on human health, it is only increased the quality of the product.

No abstract

The research attempts to overcome defined gap by taking the following steps: The primary contribution of the study is to upgrade alternative measures for transportation preparation design. Increasing competency and enhancing safety in alternatives such as, Compressed Natural Gas CNGV, Hydrogen HV, and Electrical Vehicles EV. In this research, the adopted acceptance index and end-users behaviors’ towards alternatives CNGV is developed; the vital goal of the study is to establish a risk-based index to support the design of alternatives. The research defines individually the study tool which is considered as varied from one to another, unlike artificial tools or devices. It helps to understand the mechanism of the individual behavior process and decision making; an experimental study is designed. Empirical method is applied to validate the adopted process. This research utilized practical methodological approaches to approve the research procedures. The first findings discussed are the descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all constructs. The research demonstrated by formulating a relationship between proposed variables and industry.

No abstract

The chemical industrial processes with their energy-intensive production methods and unpleasant image have become “business as usual”. Polycarbonate (PC) is one example of energy intensive methods that has become one of the largest industrial processes. Moreover, a large number of hazardous chemicals are used throughout its manufacturing stages. This study is concerned with environmental aspects of PC production. It investigates life cycle based environmental performance evaluation of supercritical fluid (SCF) Application to PC production, more specifically in i) Environmental performance assessment of SFC as chlorinating alternative and ii) Environmental performance assessment of plasticizing scenario as stabilizing step in the PC production. The advantages of using SCF are tied to the cleaner aspects of the technology, minimization of raw materials and energy demand, reduction of emissions and effluent discharge into the environment and maximization of environmental benefits. Environmental performance of polycarbonates production by SCF was compared with that of traditional production methods. It was observed that supercritical fluid technology has an impact on the emissions reduction compared with traditional methods. This research contributes to understanding the challenges that the industry of polycarbonate production will face in the future where the chemical emissions are increased resulting from production and energy consumptions.