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In this study, walnut genotypes that selected during two growing seasons among thousands of seedlings were analyzed in terms of detailed morphometric, phenological, and chemical traits. A multivariate analysis was conducted with valuable traits for breeding and selection such as morphometric traits, chemical composition, and phenological characteristics. Also, genotypes were characterized by a retrotransposon-based iPBS marker system. The correlation analysis showed significant positive and negative correlations between agro-morphological characters. The principal component analysis explained 71.44% of the total variance into five main components. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis divided genotypes into three groups, whose subgroups were identified based on both agro-morphological characters and iPBS marker systems. A high level of polymorphism ratio was observed for tested markers. Mantel’s test demonstrated relatively low correlations between molecular and morphological treats (r=0.04). The genetic similarities among all individuals ranged from 0.39 (between 018 and 015 or 045 genotypes) to 0.98 (between 090 and 094 genotypes) with a mean similarity of 0.67. Remarkable phenotypic and molecular variations were observed among the genotypes. The features of some investigated genotypes were above the acceptable thresholds for walnut selection in breeding programs and our study indicated that iPBS markers can be beneficial in walnut breeding programs, allowing the evaluation of the genetic relationship between genotypes, helping to differentiate and select the best genotypes to improve agronomic properties.

Pecan is a major horticultural nut tree that originated from North America and, in Turkey, it is generally cultivated in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. In this study, morphometric traits of twenty-one cultivars grown under equal ecological conditions in the Southeastern region of Turkey were determined. In addition, a multivariate analysis was performed on morphometric traits for determining suitable cultivars that show the best performance in these ecological conditions. The nut weight ranged from 3.66 g for ‘Cherokee’ to 10.35 g for the ‘Shoshoni’ cultivar. The ‘Choctaw’ had the highest kernel weight and kernel ratio ranged from 5.63 g to 58.60%. While the ‘Cherokee’ had the lowest ranging from 0.91 g to 22.84 g, respectively. A significant positive correlation between nut weight and kernel ratio was determined. The kernel weight was also highly correlated with nut weight and height. The use of clustering analysis according to Ward’s method allowed the establishment of relationships between pecan cultivars by separating them into four main clusters. Also, these results were supported with principal component analysis, and ‘Big Z’ and ‘Ideal’ cultivars were determined to be the closest cultivars. Results showed that there are quantitative differences regarding the genetic property of pecan cultivars and more than half of the examined cultivars showed a good performance in terms of nut quality criteria that are crucial in marketing. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis was effective in the differentiation of pecan cultivars and it has been evaluated that it can be used successfully in future studies

Ağır metaller bitki için temel besin maddesi olmayan genellikle toksik etkiye sahip elementlerdirler. Kadmiyum bitki büyüme ve gelişmesini ciddi sınırlandırabilen ve çevreye olumsuz etkileri olduğu iyi bilinen en önemli toksik metallerden biridir. Bitkisel hormonlar, bitki bünyesindeki hormonların üretim, dağıtım veya sinyal çevrimini değiştirerek çevre koşullarına karşı değişen tepkiyi vermesi yanında bitki büyüme ve gelişmesini düzenleyen küçük moleküllerdirler. Jasmonatlar (JAs) birçok ileri bitki süreçlerini düzenlemekte ve olumsuz çevreresel stres faktörlerine karşı bitki savunma mekanizmasında aktif bir rol oynamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, ağır metal (kadmiyum) stresinde dışsal metil jasmonat (MeJa) uygulamalarının çilek (Camarosa ) bitkisinde bazı büyüme parametreleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada kadmiyum konsantrasyonun artışına paralel olarak çilek bitkisinde incelenen büyüme parametrelerinde düşüş belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, metil jasmonat uygulamalarının kadmiyum toksitesini hafiflettiği ve uygulama dozuna bağlı olarak çilek bitkisinde kök sayısı, kök ağırlığı, gövde ağırlığı ve yaprak alanında artış sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar kadmiyum uygulamalarının çilek bitkisinin büyümesi üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin olduğu ve metil jasmonat uygulamalarının ise kadmiyum stresinin azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Ağır metal toksitesi, kadmiyum, metil jasmonat, çilekThe Effect of Methyl Jasmonate Applications on Some Growth Parameters in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa "Camarosa") Plant under Cadmium Stress ABSTRACT: Heavy metals which are not the essential plant nutrients for plants generally have toxicity effect. Cadmium is one of the most important toxin metals well known to have a negative impact on the environment and can severely limit plant growth and development. Plant hormones are small molecules that regulate plant growth and development, as well as changing the production, distribution or signal cycle of the hormones within the plant, changing the environmental conditions. Jasmonates (JAs) regulate many advanced plant processes and play an active role in plant defense mechanisms against adverse environmental stress. The present study was aim to test the effect of exogenously applied methyl jasmonate (MeJa) on some growth parameters of strawberry (Camarosa cv.) plant exposed to heavy metal (Cd) stress. In study, growth parameter of the strawberry plant was decreased parallel with the application of increasing concentrations of Cd. On the other hand, exogenously applied of methyl jasmonate was modify of cadmium toxicity and root number, root weight, body weight, and leaf weight rose with depending on methyl Jasmonate dose. The results presented in this work suggested that Cd treatments have a negative effect on growth and methyl jasmonate apply plays an important role in the strawberry decreasing to cadmium stress.