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I am grateful to my thesis advisor Dr. Mehdi Mirakhorli. I could not have achieved this without his invaluable motivation, patience, and dedication to this work. I also thank Dr. Meiyappan Nagappan for serving on my thesis committee and his insightful comments and encouragement. Furthermore, I thank the rest of the department faculty and staff for their support through my study. I would like to express my gratitude to Joanna Cecilia for her active participation in this research work and for her knowledge and contribution for it. Also, I would like to thank my team member Raghuram Gopalakrishnan for assisting in conducting experiments for my research. Finally, I would like to thank the Iraqi High Committee of Education Development for the full scholarship to complete my Master study.

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