We examine the pricing of U.S. multinational firms’ foreign earnings in regard to their risk of expropriation and unfair treatment by the governments of the countries in which their international subsidiaries are located. Using 8,891 firm-years observations during the 2001-2013 period, we find that the value relevance of foreign earnings increases with the improvement of the protection from state expropriation risk in the subsidiary host-countries. Our results are not driven by the earnings management practice, investor distraction, country informativeness, and political and trade relationship of a foreign country with the US. Furthermore, our results are robust to the confounding effects of country factors, measurement error in the variable of the risk of expropriation, influence of private contracting institutions, and endogeneity in the decision of location of subsidiaries.

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This paper examines the effects of country conditions on fund manager fees. By using an international sample of 607 funds from 23 countries, the authors show that legal, culture, and political risk have robust effects on fund manager fees. The findings indicate that Islamic and conventional funds in developing countries with weaker legal settings and higher corruption have higher fixed and performance fees. However, performance fees are lower and fixed fees are higher in countries with higher political risk. Overall, Hofstede's cultural values significantly affect the fund fees with robust differential effects between Islamic and conventional funds.