The frequency of drought presents huge challenges to the most rural communities in Africa. This article highlights drought characteristics and the many responses to drought stresses employed by Galmudug State, Somalia. Multiple data sources, including socioeconomic questionnaires with 123 households, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews with farmers livestock were used to capture various aspects of droughtoccurance. Results revealed that extreme drought events were increasingly frequent, and have negatively impacted pastoral livestock.in addition to the survey result showed that 100% of the respondents indicated that drought incidence increased for last three decades. In order to adapt to or cope with climatic anomalies, households are using a variety of strategies. In addition to the traditional short-term coping mechanisms, the long-term adaptation strategies used include livestock diversification species, livestock mobility to track forage and water resources diversification of herd composition to benefit from the varied drought tolerance, However, the adaptation strategies are not practiced in full capacity, specifically Lack of meteorological information and lack of intuitional capacityabout the livestock rearing are the constraints in this regard. Finally, the study suggested as a point of departure in developing drought adaption strategy and other pressures.

INTRODUCTION: Around the world, HIV/AIDS infects nearly half of all victims of AIDS-related illnesses. In Somalia, 10,500 persons are thought to be living with HIV/AIDS. A 500-person estimate of children who are HIV-positive is also available. According to estimates, only 35% of HIV-positive persons go to ART centres for their medicine due to lack of awareness. Therefore, this study was designed to assess level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among people living in Galmudug, Somalia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to assess the degree of HIV and AIDS awareness among residents of Galmudug, Somalia. The study population consisted of reproductive-aged males and females (15 to 45 years old), and respondents were drawn using a purposive sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was developed to collect the information by interview method. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 25 software. RESULTS: This study found that most Somalians had moderate-to-adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS (57.8%), whereas 42.2% had poor knowledge. A total of 274 (78.3%) of the samples showed a poor attitude toward HIV/AIDS, while 76 (21.7%) displayed a positive attitude toward the disease. An association was also found between marital status (χ2 = 10.07, p< 0.05) and education level (χ2 = 29.55, p< 0.05) and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. In relation to attitude towards awareness of HIV/AIDS, demographic variables (marital status, age, occupation, and education) were significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS: The community needs to provide factual and precise knowledge of HIV/AIDS through aggressive awareness and door-to-door campaigns on the prevalence of the virus.