The aim of this study was to identify the correlation of the kinematic variables in the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers before and after reaching the anaerobic threshold, and also to identify the impact of reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. We used the experimental approach using the divided goal to determine the accuracy extent of shooting the penalty kick in addition to Cunningham and Faulkner Anaerobic Treadmill Test. The study sample consisted of 12 football players from the Jordanian Professional Football League for the year 2021, who are specialized in performing penalty kicks in their clubs. Their average age was 25.1± 4.1 years, average weight 71±2.2 kg and average foot weight 10.9±1.6. The study used Canon Eos 80D cameras, lactate Scout Cortex device and Kinovea 0.8.15 software to analyze the performance. The data was processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Our study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship at α = 0.05 of the kinematic variables before and after the player reaches the anaerobic threshold with the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick. The results also revealed that there is a statistically significant negative impact at α = 0.05 for reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. In conclusion, the kinematic variables of the study and the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick were negatively affected by reaching the anaerobic threshold at a level that exceeds 4.2 mmol/L.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the impact of the functional classification of wheelchair basketball players on blood pressure values after sub-maximal exercise. Methods: the researchers used semi-experimental method with all its procedures to achieve the study objectives. The study sample consisted of (8) players out of the (12) players representing the Jordan national wheelchair basketball team based on the records of the Jordan Paralympic Committee for years 2021, and the players were selected deliberately. The researchers used the semi-experimental method to achieve the study objectives. Moreover, the researchers used the VO2PEAK test and Borg scale of perceived severity statistically, the One Way ANOVA test and the LSD test were used, in addition to the arithmetic mean. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the value of diastolic blood pressure in the categories (1-1.5) and (2-2.5). This took place lower due to the nature of the disabilities falling under these two categories are according to the classification of wheelchair basketball players. Conclusions: In light of the results, the researchers recommend taking into consideration the values of diastolic blood pressure when developing training programs, especially for players with amputations from the classification of amputations of the lower limbs above the knee.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various VO2 max rates on mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players. The experimental method consisted of two experiments: one for calculating the VO2 max in the laboratory and another for testing the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw. A total of 36 handball players who specialized in shooting the 7-meter throw participated in the current study. They were divided into three equal groups in terms of training age, VO2 max level and the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw at rest time. Their average age was 24.1±3.2 years, their height was 177±23 cm, and their weight was 72±4.3 kg. We used three Canon Eos 80D cameras, a Scout Cortex lactate device, and Kinovea 0.9.5 software for performance evaluation. The study's results revealed a statistically significant effect of multiple rates of VO2 max on some mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players, with a negative effect that increases when the rates of VO2 max become greater at the level of significance (α = 0.00). In light of the study's results, the researcher advised handball coaches to work on increasing their players' VO2 max levels or delaying their players' access to higher levels of VO2 max to avoid an increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and, as a result, a decrease in the players' abilities to perform the 7-meter throw skill. According to the results of this study, they should also consider the use of pauses and substitutions during matches to ensure that players do not reach levels of up to 65% of VO2 max.

No abstract

Background: Anxiety is a psychological state of mind that affects skillful performance negatively or positively according to the type of anxiety and the way it is interpreted by the player, especially in individual games, such as badminton. On the other hand, the kinematic variables can better determine if players’ skill performance is successful. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of anxiety (if any) (including anxiety types trait and state) on overhead clear skill performance regarding some kinematic variables for badminton players. Methods: The study sample consisted of 61 beginner badminton players (with mean scores of age: 14.3 ± 1.2 years, mass: 51.20 ± 1.31 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.10 m, training period: 3.9 ± 1.3 years), distributed to 3 groups based on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y questionnaire. The equivalence of these groups was calculated based on pre-test results, which were no anxiety, trait anxiety, and state anxiety. Results: The results showed that trait and state anxiety had negative effects on badminton players’ performance of overhead defensive clear shot skill in terms of some kinematic variables. The results also showed that the effect of trait anxiety was more negative than the effect of state anxiety. Conclusions: The researchers recommend having knowledge of the level, type, and extent of anxiety, including relevant effects on the performance of beginner badminton players in all physiological, motor, and biomechanical aspects, to develop psychological rehabilitation programs that deal with anxiety according to the type, which the player can overcome.