The origin of the western honey bee Apis mellifera has been intensely debated. Addressing this knowledge gap is essential for understanding the evolution and genetics of one of the world's most important pollinators. By analyzing 251 genomes from 18 native subspecies, we found support for an Asian origin of honey bees with at least three expansions leading to African and European lineages. The adaptive radiation of honey bees involved selection on a few genomic "hotspots." We found 145 genes with independent signatures of selection across all bee lineages, and these genes were highly associated with worker traits. Our results indicate that a core set of genes associated with worker and colony traits facilitated the adaptive radiation of honey bees across their vast distribution.
RESULTS
Sequencing and variant detectionWe curated a genomic dataset of 251 individual A. mellifera samples representing 18 putative subspecies, of which 14 representative groups
Rapid and recent lineage radiations pose challenges to systematists. Using members of the highly diverse Simulium arcticum Malloch complex, we tested whether the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene can differentiate black fly sibling species. Members of the S. arcticum complex were monophyletic in relation to two morphospecies and two cryptic species of the Simulium malyschevi Dorogostaisky et al. and Simulium noelleri Friederichs species-groups, respectively. Of five S. arcticum sibling species analysed, only Simulium negativum Adler et al. was monophyletic. No other members of the complex could be distinguished using COI barcodes. The inability to resolve S. arcticum sibling species resulted because (1) haplotypes were shared between species and (2) the distribution of interspecific genetic distances completely overlapped the range of variation within species. Potential sources of incongruence between barcode data and species boundaries include imperfect taxonomy, inadequate genetic information, incomplete lineage sorting, and/or introgressive hybridization. We ruled out imperfect taxonomy because chromosomal, ecological, and distributional evidence support the validity of S. arcticum sibling species. Therefore, current nomenclature should be maintained pending further study. We conclude that one or more of the latter three sources of incongruence could be responsible for the lack of reciprocal monophyly among species of the S. arcticum complex.
Résumé-Les radiations rapides et récentes des lignées évolutives posent des défis aux systématiciens.En utilisant des membres du très divers complexe d'espèces Simulium arcticum Malloch, nous avons testé si le gène code-barre de la sous-unité cytochrome c oxydase I (COI) peut différencier entre espèces jumelles de mouches noires. Les membres du complexe S. arcticum sont monophylétiques par rapport à deux espèces morphologiques du groupe Simulium malyschevi Dorogostaisky et al. et deux espèces cryptiques de Simulium noelleri Friederichs. Parmi les cinq espèces analysées au sein du complexe S. arcticum, seul Simulium negativum Adler et al. est monophylétique. Aucun des autres membres du complexe ne peut être distingué par le code-barre COI. L'incapacité de différencier entre espèces jumelles du complexe S. arcticum provient (1) d'un partage d'haplotypes entre espèces et (2) du chevauchement entre les distributions des distances génétiques inter-et intraspécifiques. Les sources potentielles d'incongruité entre les données des codes-barres et la circonscription des espèces peuvent provenir d'une taxonomie imparfaite, d'une insuffisance d'information génétique, d'une séparation incomplète des lignées, et/ou d'introgression par hybridation. Nous écartons la possibilité d'une taxonomie imparfaite parce que des preuves chromosomiques, écologiques et géographiques soutiennent la validité des espèces reconnues au sein du complexe S. arcticum. Par conséquent, la nomenclature actuelle doit être maintenue en attendant une étude plus approfondie. Nous concluons qu'une...
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