BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is caused mostly by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) and it is related to acute coronary syndrome. P.gingivalis  readily invades blood circulation and potentially induces collagenolytic activity of inflammatory cells that results in collagen vascular degradation leading to atherosclerotic plague rupture (APR). APR is responsible for the occurence of fatal cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infraction (AMI).AIMS: To show that P.gingivalis potentially induces fragmentation of the type IV vascular collagen due to macrophage-activated MMP-9.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ability of P.gingivalis to induce the type IV collagen fragmentation, shown by digesting type IV collagen with the supernatant of monocyte-derived macrophage activated by exposure to P.gingivalis suspension for 18 hours, 37oC, 5%CO2. The type IV collagen fragments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western-blotting. Antibody of type IV collagen produced and confirmed by dot-blotting prior to its being used as primary antibody of Western-blotting. The existence of MMP-9 was detected by Dot-blot and Western-blot technique, while the MMP-9 activity was assessed by SDS-PAGE and zymograms.RESULTS: Our data showed that P.gingivalis induced macrophage to produce MMP-9 as one of collagenolytic components, and interaction with P.gingivalis proteases enhanced the proteolytic activity and resulted in degradation of type IV collagen with molecular weight of 88 kDa into two smaller fragments with molecular weight of 80 kDa and 60 kDa. CONCLUSION: P.gingivalis induced macrophage to activate its MMP-9 that led to fragmentation of vascular type IV collagen in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. KEYWORDS: P.gingivalis, macrophage, type IV collagen fragmentation, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, AMI

This research is entitled "Management of Social Media as Branding in Library". This study uses field research methods with a qualitative approach. Where researchers conducted direct interviews with librarians who were at Grahatama Pustaka to ask questions related to what they wanted to study. The purpose of this study is to see how social media management builds Grahatama Pustaka branding. The results obtained in this study were Grahatama Pustaka applying the 7P marketing mix theory to build library branding through social media owned by Grahatama Pustaka. The mix includes product, price, place, people, promotion, process, and physical evidence.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still a major health problem. Approximately 20% of death in the world was caused by atherosclerotic diseases like stroke, myocardial infarct. Recent studies explain the role of infection in the pathogenicity of AMI. The purpose of this study was to examine seroepidemiological study of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection related to AMI and its occurrence as pathogen burden-infection with other microorganisms. Subjects for this study were patients diagnosed clinically and laboratorically as AMI, from RSUD Saiful Anwar and RS. Lavalette,Malang. Blood samples were collected from each subject and serum was analyzed for IgG antibodies against C. pneumoniae, CMV, H. pylori and S. mutans. Clinical status was analyzed to find IMA conventional risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. The result showed that the average age of these patients were 55 years and men were more common than women. All of these patients were infected by microorganism. Patients with infection and conventional risk factors were 51,9%, infection without conventional risk factors was 48,2%, and conventional risk factors for IMA without infection was 51, 85%. The most common conventional risk factor was smoking (37, 0%). Infection by S. mutans was detected in all patients (100%), C. pneumoniae 92,6%, CMV 92,6%, H. pylori 77,8%; however multiple infections were observed in most of the patients. It was concluded that microorganisms played rolesin the pathogenicity of IMA. It was suggested that the development of IMA might be contributed by single infection as well as multiple infections. However, multiple infections tend to be observed in most of the patients.

Microbicidal mechanism with producing free radical superoxide is one of neutrophil response to the bacterialinvasion. When overproducted, the free radical superoxide greater than antioxidan defense system and destroyed thecell itself. P.gingivalis had been knowed as the major bacteria that induce periodontal inflammation. These bacteriacan stimulated neutrophil activities. This was aimed to determinate the superoxide production from neutrophilstimulated with P.gingivalis. Neutrophil as samples were isolated from subject who fulfill the selected criteria. Theintracelluler superoxide production was determinated by nitroblue tetra zolium (NBT)test and the extracellulerproduction by spectrophotometer with wave length 580 nm. The result showed there was superoxide production fromneutrophil stimulated by P.gingivalis. It was concluded that the stimulation of P.gingivalis on neutrophil can promotesuperoxide production both intracelluler and extracelluler.

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