The current paper conceptualises an innovative, sustainable social business contract farming model by blending three essential business aspects, namely, relational norms, social capital, and social business dimensions. In the case of contract farming, evidence shows that the social aspect and social business-based contract farming model are over-sighted. This study offers an efficient social business contract farming model by, first, reviewing the conventional contract farming model and, secondly, by developing and proposing a robust, multidimensional model for contract farming. This proposed framework may have profound implications for the agriculture sector and may provide a strong sustainable contract farming management guideline for the global agriculture industry.

The world is shifting toward renewable energy sources due to global warming and rising GHG emissions. Malaysia has joined other nations in the conference of parties to develop policies for the reduction of GHG and carbon emissions. Malaysia is switching towards sustainable, eco-friendly and renewable energy sources. EFB biomass, one of the by-products of palm oil, has enormous potential as a sustainable energy source. Malaysia, one of the top exporters of palm oil, is unable to employ EFB-biomass-based power generation due to storage, logistics and supply-chain-related constraints. Therefore, this study integrates EFB biomass supply-chain logistics to overcome the reported challenges. The current study employs the system dynamics (SD) approach to achieve the objectives as it explains the dynamics of interaction and behaviour among the sub-systems. A document-based model-building approach is employed to collect data to develop the base model. The document-based model-building approach and system dynamics modelling facilitates the achievement of two outcomes: integrated EFB biomass logistics and GHG reduction using EFB. These outcomes are crucial to enhancing the base model and realizing the zero-carbon emission goal to contribute to sustainable development goals.

Farm to fork strategy, advocated by the European Commission, aims for a ‘fair, healthy, and environmentally healthy food system. It requires a renewed mindset and an in-depth analysis of the intricate agricultural-based value- chain that forms the food system. Indigenous chicken micro-farming, the focus of this study, for example, is a highly potential candidate for the Farm to Fork strategy but requires a deep analysis of its disintegrated value chain to achieve the strategy. Indigenous chicken farming provides opportunities for the poor and marginal people for a steady income while at the same time being more environmentally friendly and a source of healthy food. These have motivated this study to analyse the indigenous chicken micro-farming value chain in Malaysia, with the objectives to evaluate the present status of the indigenous chicken farm value chain and develop an initial integrated model for indigenous chicken farms. This study uses qualitative system dynamics in data collection and analysis and model development to achieve the objectives. The proposed model is simulated to understand the dynamics of interaction and behaviour among the sub-systems. The findings lead to two outcomes of the study- the first is the dynamics model of the typical indigenous chicken value chain, and the second is the potential integrated value chain model for indigenous chicken farming. These findings are imperative for future research to enhance further the integrated model to be able to realise the farm-to-fork strategy and to contribute to the sustainable development goals.

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