Exchange rate stability is one of the main factors that promote investment, price stability and stable economic growth. However, the effect of positive and negative changes in exchange rate has been a controversial debate among academia and experts. Thus, this study seeks to examine the effect of exchange rate volatility on agricultural commodity prices in Nigeria. Additionally, the study examines whether exchange rate volatility have a symmetric or asymmetric effect on agricultural commodity prices in Nigeria. In order to account for the volatility behaviour such as nonlinearity and time varying risk, the study used the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model with monthly data for real effective exchange rate, agricultural output prices, inflation rate, and RGDP between 2000 and 2018. The study found that there is a positive and significant relationship between positive changes in exchange rate and agricultural commodity prices and also between negative changes in exchange rate and agricultural commodity prices. The study found that inflation rate has negative effect on agricultural commodity prices while RGDP has a positive effect on it. Asymmetric test using Wald Statistics revealed that positive and negative changes in exchange rate of the same magnitude have equal impact on agricultural commodity prices. The study concluded that movement of the exchange rate plays a significant role in altering the prices of agricultural commodity in Nigeria and the volatility effect is symmetric on agricultural commodity prices in Nigeria. Contribution/Originality: This study contributes to the existing literature in terms of symmetric effect of exchange rate volatility on agricultural commodity prices. It uses Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The paper's primary contribution is finding that exchange rate volatility have positive and significant effect on agricultural prices while RGDP effects is positive. household spends about 60% of their income on food which is mainly agricultural produces (Mgbenka, Mbah, & Ezeano, 2015). This underscores the importance of agriculture and agricultural commodity in the individual and

The study aims to examine the determinants of profitability of commercial and microfinance banks in Nigeria, in order to be able to highlight the possible effect of Central Bank of Nigeria policy actions in influencing the internal factors and subsequently the profitability of the banks in Nigeria. Research methodology: The study adopted the panel data research design. Out of the total number of 22 commercial banks and 898 microfinance banks the study sampled 4 commercial banks and 4 microfinance banks using random sampling technique, and based on the availability of data. Data were sourced from the annual balance sheets and income statement of banks from 2010 to 2018 and analysed using the Random Effect Panel Estimation Technique. Finding: Findings from the study show that liquidity ratio is not a strong determinant of banks profitability whether commercial or microfinance banks while capital adequacy is a significant determinants of the profit level in both banks with positive effect for microfinance and negative effect for commercial banks. The study also found that real GDP is a significant determinant of only commercial banks profitability. This by implication indicates that the recent policy action by the central bank which saw the increase of cash reserve ratio from 22.5% to 27.5% is expected to have an insignificant reduction on the profitability of the banks. Limitation:The major limitation of the study is the use of a single measure of profitability and a single measure of external factor. The study period as well as its sample size was also considered as limitation. Contribution: Findings from this study are useful to the management of the banks, the selected banks to be more specific, and shareholders. Also, this study provides insights on the possible effect of the recent policy of the Central Bank on the banking sector. Thus, the results of this study are useful to policy makers and regulators of the financial system in Nigeria.