The topicality of the present work lies in justification of the means of increasing safety during mass explosions in opencasts. The solution to this problem is possible due to the orientation of downholes in the array, taking into account the angle of incidence and extension of the strata, high-quality stemming and initiation of downhole charges by delay detonators with a minimal deviation from nominal values of their firing time. The most promising way to increase the safety and efficiency of blasting is an integrated approach, including drilling downholes, normal to the strata, and using the design of the downhole charge, rationally distributing the explosion energy in the space of the rock mass due to the use of stemming of a variable density, low-density gap between the parts of the explosive charge and the bottom a downhole compensator based on foam gel and the use of hybrid electronic detonator Iskra-T. Materials and MethodsAn important tendency in improving blasting is to increase the efficiency of the explosion by means of rational redistribution of explosive energy. By changing the spatial arrangement *Corresponding author: noa-0025@yandex.ru

Испытаны составы пеногелей, структурированные нанодобавками и добавками, бронирующими пленку. В качестве электролитов коагуляторов, т. е. веществ, используемых для гелеобразования, применяют соли сильных кислот или сами кислоты. Полученные в результате составы пеногелей характеризуются примерно одинаковыми свойствами по кратности и устойчивости во времени, что отвечает требованиям их использования при проведении взрывных работ. Анализ составов, полученных с использованием хлорида железа, медного купороса и хлорида бария, показал, что наиболее стабильный состав получается с хлоридом железа и ортофосфорной кислотой. В качестве нанодобавки наиболее приемлемым вариантом признан «наносил-30». Пеногель заполнялся в ампулы, которые используются при изготовлении забойки шпуров.

Проведены лабораторные испытания наноструктурированных пеногелевых составов в качестве забоечного материала. Горный массив имитировался цементно-песчаными моделями, скважинный заряд капсюлем-детонатором с эквивалентной массой ВВ и теплотой взрыва. Пеногель заполнялся в ампулы, которые используются при изготовлении забойки шпуров. Сравнение проводилось с забойкой из просеянного песка. Полученные результаты времени выброса продуктов взрыва из шпура, время разрушения моделей и анализ дробленого продукта цементно-песчаных моделей показывают, что наностуктурированный состав в качестве забойки обеспечивает повышение эффективности заряда ВВ в модели.

Abstract. Explosive destruction of the rock formation is substantiated by several theories developed by well-known scientists. The improvement of quality of preparation of rock mass to excavation, by an excavator without an increase in the value of specific consumption of explosives is important in the present time. Traditionally, to increase the impact time of detonation products on the rock hard tamping was used. The problem is in the rational redistribution of the explosion energy due to the use of a borehole charge, and in particular, in the tamping of low-density, porous materials. The more intensive attenuation of the mass velocity of particles in the material of such tamping in comparison with the mass velocity of the rock mass particles contributes to the well channel compression and increases the impact time of detonation products on the rock mass. As a result of redistribution of energy of detonation products, the specific impulse of explosion increases. The value of the radius of the controlled crushing zone increases by more than 1.6 times. The results of industrial explosions in coal mines have confirmed the theoretical reasoning.

Under the conditions of a combined mining system overburden is developed using a transport and non-transport technologies, specific costs for non-transport technology are lower than transport costs. The change in the non-transport bench height led to the redistribution of the volumes of transport and non-transport overburden. With an increase in the volume of non-transport overburden, the share of more expensive transport overburden is decreases, while the technical and economic indicators of the non-transport zone deteriorate due to an increase in re-excavation volumes. The change in the non-transport bench height affects the recasting ratio and the annual advance coal face line, which determine the cost of developing the overburden. This article presents the results of a study of the laws of change in the recasting ratio and the annual advance coal face line, depending on the non-transport bench height within a combined mining system of flat seam. The obtained patterns were established as a result of solving problems of substantiating typical excavation schemes of the direct dumping method and developing a mathematical model for identifying excavation schemes with the subsequent calculation of their technological indicators.