УДК 631.37 РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ СИЛОВЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ РАБОЧИХ ОРГАНОВ кандидат технических наук И. Е. Донцов 1 кандидат технических наук М. Н. Лысыч 1 кандидат технических наук М. Л. Шабанов 1 1-ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет имени Г.Ф. Морозова», г. Воронеж, Российская Федерация Во время движения почвообрабатывающие машины и орудиясовершают свободные и вынужденные колебания. Одновременно изменяются направление и значение сил сопротивления их рабочих органов. Без информации о силовых параметрах рабочих органов изучение динамики почвообрабатывающих машин, орудий и машинно-тракторных агрегатов невозможно. Статья посвящена изучению силовых параметров пассивных, активных и ротационных почвообрабатывающих рабочих органов. Для исследований отобраны наиболее распространенные виды и типы рабочих органов. Силовое взаимодействие рабочих органов с почвой представлено равнодействующей сил сопротивления. Модуль, направление и положение равнодействующей сил сопротивления зависят от положения рабочего органа по отношению к вектору абсолютной скорости точки приведения на рабочем органе и глубины обработки. Указанные функции описаны уравнениями регрессии второго порядка. За основу взята модель силового взаимодействия почвообрабатывающих рабочих органов с почвой, предложенная проф. Гячевым Л.В. Спроектирована и изготовлена тензометрическая установка, предложена методикаопределения описанных силовых параметров рабочих органов в лабораторных условиях. В ходе эксперимента рабочий орган устанавливают в различные положения по отношению к основному (прямолинейному) движению, регистрируют параметры, характеризующие его координаты (факторы) и усилия в тягах навесного оборудования (отклики). Затем вычисляют характеристики главного вектора и главного момента, равнодействующей сил взаимодействия рабочих органов с почвой. Результаты нескольких измерений аппроксимируют кривой, в наибольшей степени соответствующей характеру взаимодействия. Статистический анализ результатов показал, что регрессионные модели адекватны при уровне значимости 0.01. Коэффициенты корреляции между безразмерными коэффициентами геометрически подобных рабочих органов равны 0,95-0,97.

The article is devoted to problems of forest regeneration and promote natural regeneration in conditions of wood cuttings down, in particular, the designs of tillage tools for primary soil preparation. Tillage equipment operated under such conditions, must possess high permeability and strength, while providing acceptable quality. These requirements correspond to the most ploughs-rippers with disk working bodies. It uses both passive and active working bodies, which brings the first disc plows and heavy harrows, and the second milling tillage. On the basis of the spent constructive analysis of existing tools their classification by drive type (with an active mechanical drive, with an active hydraulic drive, with a passive drive), method of aggregation (rear-mounted mounted, mounted on lateral faces) and to type of the safety mechanism (spring, hydraulic, without safety locks) is resulted.The tools representing various constructive types are in more details considered. Given their technical characteristics: variants of aggregation, type of drive, quantity of working bodies, the width, the diameter of the disk working bodies, depth of processing, type of safety mechanism, weight. The short description of designs and appointment disk rippers is given.On each tool the critical analysis is carried out and conclusions are drawn on possibility of its application in conditions not cleared cuttings down. Based on the analysis formulated the main requirements to prospective disk rippers that will effectively carry out basic preparation of the soil in conditions not cleared cuttings down at height of stubs to 50 sm in various conditions of the Russian Federation.

For effective work of forestry and agricultural tilling equipment it is important to have information about the power parameters of tilling tool. The purpose of the research is to develop a device that can give an idea about changing the power parameters of tillage tool in all three planes of projections for the unsteady motion of the tractor with a tillage tool. This method is based on the model of force interaction of tillage implements with the soil, suggested by Professor L.V. Gyachev. The article is devoted to the study of power parameters of passive, active, and rotational tilling tool. A setup was designed to measure power parameters of tillage tool in three planes of projections. The installation to determine the power parameters of the tillage tool includes the following basic elements: soil channel, traction trolley, attachments and devices for converting of electrical signal and recording of the measured values. The sensors include: force sensors in linkage bars and sensors of working body movement. Electrical signals from sensors are served on an analog input module. Then the signals are supplied to the inverter interface. Next, the signals are processed on a computer. In the experiment, the tillage tool is set in various positions relative to the main (straight) movement, recorded are the parameters characterizing the coordinates (function arguments) and forces in the linkage (functions). Then the characteristics of the main force vector and main torque of the forces resultant of tillage tool interaction with soil are calculated. The results of several measurements are approximated by the curve most appropriate to the nature of the interaction. The obtained data are used in the study of stability, oscillations and dynamics of non-steady motion of tillers and tractor units.

The basic soil preparation is an important factor in ensuring high survival rate and preservation of cultural plants. Its objective is to loosen the soil to a predetermined depth, it is also important to ensure the containment of weeds growth in areas, adjacent to the row of crop strips. Depending on soil conditions it may be cutting of one or double earthboard furrows (drained soil) and in the formation of microhill (temporarily waterlogged soils). For these purposes, currently, ploughs PKL-70, PRL-70, PL-1, PLM-1.5A, PDV-1.5, PL-2-50, PLD-1.2, etc. are used. Their common drawback is the ability to perform only one operation. A large variety of used tillage equipment and its low efficiency confirms the urgency of developing multi-tools modular construction. This will effectively produce basic preparation of the soil in a variety of conditions with a single instrument. The article provides a description of design and basic layout options of multifunctional plough. By simple changeovers, carried out on site, the plough can be adapted for the main preparation of soil on clearings with drained and temporarily waterlogged soils. It is also possible to change the distance between the bodies of the plow in accordance with the specified rows and rearrange them to work "in" or "out". Process works is modeled in conditions of non-uprooted cutting. The simulation experiment showed high efficiency of the plough, which is ensured by the presence of safety recoverable devices. Replacement in the forestry enterprise of a set of ploughs with one multipurpose plough will reduce total specific amount of metal almost in 4 times.