Summary
Hybrid simulation reproduces the experimental response of large‐ or even full‐scale structures subjected to a realistic excitation with reduced costs compared with shake table testing. A real‐time control system emulates the interaction between numerical substructures, which replace subparts having well‐established computational models, and physical substructures tested in the laboratory. In this context, state‐space modeling, which is quite popular in the community of automatic control, offers a computationally cheaper alternative to the finite‐element method for implementing nonlinear numerical substructures for fast‐time hybrid simulation, that is, with testing timescale close to one. This standpoint motivated the development of a computational framework based on partitioned time integration, which is well suited for hard real‐time implementations. Partitioned time integration, which relies on a dual assembly of substructures, enables coupling of state‐space equations discretized with heterogeneous time step sizes. In order to avoid actuators stopping at each simulation step, the physical substructure response is integrated with the same rate of control system, whereas a larger time step size is allowed on the numerical substructure compatibly with available computational resources. Fast‐time hybrid simulations of a two‐pier reinforced concrete bridge tested at the EUCENTRE Experimental Laboratory of Pavia, Italy, are presented as verification example.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.