Fish micronuclei tests were used to evaluate the potential of municipal wastewater sewage to cause genetic change in Bathygobius soporator. The levels of toxicity of municipal wastewater sewage were evaluated in populations of B. soporator originating from metal-contaminated and metal-free areas. Blood samples were taken from ten fish caught in sites with low anthropogenic influence to measure the levels of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes. An additional 30 fish specimens were captured to conduct laboratory testing. After a 30-day acclimation period, blood samples were collected under controlled conditions, while fish that were not sampled from blood were exposed to concentration of 10 % of the urban effluents for 10 days. Acute toxicity experiments were also carried out at different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 7, 10, and 30%) of urban effluent for 48-h in using fish specimens of the two sampled populations of B. soporator. The results of this study showed that mortality was threefold higher for fish exposed to the urban effluents in the population of metal-free area compared with fish from the metal-contaminated area. There were micronucleus inductions in fish after 10 days of exposures to the urban effluents and significant differences (p< 0.01) after only 10 days when comparing to spontaneous micronucleus levels. We concluded that were microncleus inductions from urban effluents leading to higher mortality of individuals from the population of metal-free area, and this was higher than for individuals of the population exposed to metal contaminants.

The genotoxic effects of metals were evaluated in Bathygobius soporator using the micronucleus test. The frequencies of micronuclei in fish erythrocytes cells of sampling points were elevated when compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Micronucleus test in fish erythrocytes were useful to determine genotoxic effects of metals substances in the fish, reducing the pain and suffer of the animal testing. The first PC (70.56%) of principal component analysis (PCA) account for almost all of the variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the first PC and micronucleus frequency of sampling points (P1-P10) was performed (r = -0.704, P = 0.023).

Several species of Glaucomastix lizards have been described over the past decade, most of these inhabit inland Brazil. Glaucomastix abaetensis is a threatened whiptail endemic to Brazilian coastal “restinga” (sandy habitats) from Bahia State to Sergipe, with a distribution limited by riverine barriers. In order to investigate the differentiation and relationships in G. abaetensis, we integrated phylogeographic analysis, Bayesian species delimitation and morphological data to detect geographical patterns and historical events responsible for its present distribution. We recovered two highly divergent clades along its range, one of them unnamed. Glaucomastix itabaianensis sp. nov. has a a yellowish green tail, 13–16 scales in the lateral flank, 22–33 scales around tail, 28–35 femoral pores and usually four supraocular scales with the smaller one disposed posteriorly. Our results retrieved the monophyly of Glaucomastix, with G. venetacauda and G. cyanurus being sister species to a clade formed by G. littoralis and G. abaetensis. Divergence between Glaucomastix abaetensis and the new species occurred roughly 2.39 Myr ago; posterior shallow genetic divergences occurred mainly in Pleistocene. Finally, we present data on the conservation of this clade of whiptail lizards.

Abstract:We present the first record of Scinax nebulosus for the State of Sergipe, in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Scinax nebulosus is a small hylid which inhabits the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. Its main microhabitat is temporary water bodies in tropical forests. This species can be recognized by the presence of many scattered glandules on the dorsal surface, especially on the head, upper eyelids and margins of the members. Some taxonomic studies and vocals records suggest careful evaluation of the taxonomic status of S. nebulosus along its geographical distribution.