COVID-19 is considered a respiratory disease which has many symptoms associated with the larynx and the lungs infections. COVID-19 has wide spectrum of clinical features starting from mild symptoms to severe illness. Otolaryngological symptoms as nasal obstruction, loss of smell, taste dysfunction, sore throat, sticky mucus, and dysphagia are common in COVID-19 patients. Other vocal symptoms as dysphonia and phonesthenia are common in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study is to detect the occurrence of vocal symptoms in COVID-19 patients in Egypt and to investigate the videolaryngoscopic findings associated with these symptoms. A total number of 106 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were randomly assessed for vocal symptoms. The following epidemiological and clinical data were collected: age, gender, smoking consumption, general symptoms, otolaryngological and vocal symptoms as dysphonia and phonesthenia. Auditory perceptual assessment of voice and videolaryngoscopic examination were done. The occurrence of dysphonia and phonesthenia were observed in COVID -19 patients. Of the 106 patients, 84 patients (79%) were dysphonic, 20 (18.8%) patients were phonesthenic. The correlation of the different otolaryngological symptoms with dysphonia and phonesthenia were reported. A significant correlation was found between dysphonic patients and rhinorrhea, taste dysfunction, sore throat, and cough. A significant correlation was found between phonesthenic patients and allergic rhinitis. Videolaryngoscopic findings were detected in COVID-19 patients. Vocal fold congestion was found in 42 patients (39.6%), benign vocal fold swellings was found in 18 patients (16.9%), ventricular hypertrophy was found in 6 patients (0.05%), unilateral vocal fold immobility was found in 14 patients (13.2%), and vocal fold congestion associated with ventricular fold hypertrophy was found in 20 patients (18.8%).There was significant correlation of dysphonia and phonesthenia with vocal fold congestion (P value:0.001, P value:0.039 respectively).There was a significant correlation between cough and vocal fold congestion (P value: 0.000). Benign vocal fold swellings were associated with 18 patients (16.9%), but it was not statistically significant (P value: 0.931). Dysphonia and phonesthenia were observed in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.The vocal symptoms were associated with different laryngoscopic findings, in which, vocal fold congestion was the commonest.

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Postgraduate medical education worldwide is now governed by academic standards that describe the qualities and abilities of graduates. We fi rst defi ned these standards for the general and professional competencies expected from our graduates in otolaryngology upon successful completion of training. Th ese expectations are clearly refl ected in the otolaryngology curriculum. Th e curriculum describes what trainees will know and be able to do upon completion of training.All topics covered during practical and theoretical studies are outlined in a simplifi ed manner that will aid candidates of postgraduate otorhinolaryngological practice. Th is will help guide trainees in their readings and their choice of learning activities. In addition, all required clinical cases and procedures are listed, together with expected performance at various stages of training.Th is curriculum will be constantly revised and updated. Th e examination will not normally test areas that are not clearly or implicitly included in the curriculum, but it should be noted that research and changes in the medical environment might sometimes lead to changes in scientifi c theory and clinical practice before the curriculum is updated to refl ect them.We divided the curriculum into seven main themes: Applied basic science, Pediatric otolaryngology, Head and neck surgery, Otology, Rhinology, Skull base and neuro-otology, and miscellaneous topics in otorhinolaryngology.Each theme has three pillars of competence: Knowledge (information stored in a learner's mind; they either have it or not); Clinical skills (these are actions that a person performs in a competent way to achieve a goal; skills range from none to mastery); and Attitude (a feeling about a situation based on knowledge and experience that results in an action toward that situation). All of them together defi ne the main objective for each Intended Learning Outcome (ILO).

Background Fixation of receiver-stimulator (RS) in cochlear implantation is an important step of surgery, while the technique used is still debatable. Aim of study The aim of our study is to evaluate the applicability of our modified recess/tunnel (R/T) fixation technique. Materials and methods De novo cases between august 2018 and December 2020 were included. A bony recess was drilled deep to the full thickness of RS. A tunnel was fashioned for the fantail and electrode lead with a groove to slide it without trauma. No tie-down sutures were used. The length between the RS magnet and tragus was measured during follow-up visits. Results Seventy-eight patients received the new R/T; 37 (47.4%) were females. Children were 50 (64.1%) with an average age of 4.3 ± 2 years, while adults were 28 (35.9%) with an average age of 36.4 ± 10 years. Right implants were 69 implants while left ones were only 9. The average total operative time was 86 ± 13 min, while the average R/T preparation time was 11 ± 4 min which represents 12.8% of the total operative time. No RS migration, hard. or soft failures were detected. One case had postoperative haematoma originating from the skin, while other minor complications were not related to fixation and were treated medically. Conclusion The R/T fixation technique provides good fixation to RS, fantail, and electrode lead protection and fixation. The disadvantages of wide exposure especially longer operative time can be avoided with this technique.