No abstract

Even though deadly effects of outbreaks such as SARS, H1N1, EBOLA and COVID-19 took the attention of the community, generating 100% vaccination uptake from people who are expected to be affected by such outbreaks is almost impossible. Hence, determining the actual vaccine demand for typical viruses and reaching this population are becoming important issues to prevent from spreading such viruses like wildfire. Many countries have been forecasting vaccine demand according to birth rates. However, factors such as district-level per capita income, literacy rate, urbanization, and some other factors should also be considered for more accurate forecasts. There is another factor affecting countries’ vaccine demand; some of the vaccines that WHO recommends are included in the national immunization programs, while others are only recommended. Thus, this study first aims to explore the most significant factors that affect the demand of vaccines that are not included in national immunization campaigns then to present the cause and effect relationships among the factors using the fuzzy DEMATEL method to provide insights to managers for better vaccine demand forecast and to increase vaccine uptake. According to the analysis results, immunization related beliefs is the most important factor among others included in this research.

Reaching a high vaccination coverage level is of vital essence when preventing epidemic diseases. For mandatory vaccines, the demand can be forecasted using some demographics such as birth rates or populations between certain ages. However, it has been difficult to forecast non-mandatory vaccine demands because of vaccine hesitation, alongside other factors such as social norms, literacy rate, or healthcare infrastructure. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explore the predominant factors that affect the non-mandatory vaccine demand, focusing on the recommended childhood vaccines, which are usually excluded from national immunization programs. For this study, fifty-nine factors were determined and categorized as system-oriented and human-oriented factors. After a focus group study conducted with ten experts, seven system-oriented and eight human-oriented factors were determined. To reveal the cause and effect relationship between factors, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods called Fuzzy-DEMATEL was implemented. The results of the analysis showed that “Immunization-related beliefs”, “Media/social media contents/messaging”, and “Social, cultural, religious norms” have a strong influence on non-mandatory childhood vaccine demand. Furthermore, whereas “Availability and access to health care facilities” and “Political/ financial support to health systems” are identified as cause group factors, “Quality of vaccine and service delivery management” is considered an effect group factor. Lastly, a guide was generated for decision-makers to help their forecasting process of non-mandatory vaccine demands to avoid vaccine waste or shortage.

In this chapter, the relationships between logistics operations and e-commerce are investigated. The logistics operations are discussed under the distribution and warehousing subjects. The effects of e-commerce on these activities are analyzed by considering the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability in a broad perspective. For evaluating distribution of e-commerce products, current last-mile operations, trends, and future expectations are investigated in the sustainability concept. Furthermore, the effects of e-commerce on warehouse types and operations are presented. Besides that, location and layout of warehouses, materials used in warehouse buildings, and material handling equipment are discussed with a sustainability perspective.

Bu çalışmada bir kamu kuruluşunun sürdürülebilir olma arzusu ve yasal zorunluluklar nedeni ile değişim ihtiyacı olduğu belirlenmiş ve değişimin yönetilmesi amacıyla iş gücü planlama modeli önerilmiştir. Yasal değişimler kurumu mevcut iş gören ile daha çok iş yapmak zorunda bırakmıştır ve bu zorunluluk kurumu örgütsel yapıda değişikliğe zorlamıştır. Bu amaçla önerilen modelde değişim mevcut durum analizi yapılması ve organizasyon şemasının güncelleme çalışması ile başlatılmıştır. Ardından iş analiz formları oluşturulmuştur. İş analiz formları ile kurumun her bir birimine ait iş tanımları belirlenmiş ve bu iş tanımlarına dayanarak hem birime ait toplam yıllık işi yükü hem de birimdeki her bir iş görenin yıllık iş yükü hesaplanmıştır. Birimin toplam iş yüküne istinaden birimde çalışması gereken iş gören sayısı, varsa iş gören ihtiyacı ya da fazlalığı tespit edilmiştir. İş gören fazlalığı olması durumunda, iş gören niteliklerine ve yeterliliklerine göre kurum içinde farklı bir birimde yeni organizasyon yapısının ihtiyaçlarına göre yeniden görevlendirilmeleri önerilmiştir.