A mould Aspergillus versicolor clearly dominates in damp and mouldy indoor environments under Slovak dwelling/public building conditions (up to 1/3 of all isolates during the last decade's surveys). Nearly all of its isolates are able to synthesize a mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (detected by LC/MS-MS), that showed severe in vitro as well as in vivo toxic potential in animal experiments (after intratracheal instillation to rats). In vitro toxicity of complex chloroformextractable endo-and exometabolites of 10 indoor, and related outdoor, A. versicolor isolates from a heavily mouldy kids' fashion store in Slovakia with complaints from the occupants of irritation of their airways has been evaluated by a bioassay with tracheal organ cultures of one-day old chicks (20 microg of toxicants per mL of cultivation medium). In the in vivo experiments, respiratory toxicity of the same metabolite mixtures was tested in Wistar rats during three days. The inflammatory and cytotoxic biomarkers were then analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Searching for the fungus possible source, molecular epidemiological study of the isolates was performed using RAMP PCR. Strains colonizing the indoor walls of the shop were the highest correlated to the outdoor airborne ones (Pearson correlation 97%). While indoor airborne isolates correlated to the strains growing on retailed clothes at the levels of 90 or 86% according to Pearson. All micromycetes produced secondary metabolites that ceased ciliary beating in tracheal epithelium in the organ cultures already in 24 hrs of the activity, i.e. in the sense of the method used, they belong to strong toxicants. Two of the isolates tested also produced extrolites without toxic effects detectable by the method. The metabolites also showed certain cytotoxic Environmental Health and Biomedicine 135

The lung is a major target organ for insults induced by environmental pollutants. Following the effect of microfungal exposure relating to less studied topics, health complaints, particularly in mouldy houses, may be associated with microfungal exposure. The pulmonary health problems can be evoked both by inhalation of spores or their secondary metabolites. The fungal secondary metabolites represent a mixture of different active compounds and the mycotoxins may be a common part of them. Our study was focused on the effect of secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus versicolor, a frequent indoor colonizer. The Wistar rats were intratracheally exposed to isolated metabolites produced by A. versicolor and after 3 days exposure the animals were sacrificed and the antioxidant status was estimated in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial type II cellsfrom toxicological point of view the most important cells -were isolated and their antioxidant status and DNA damage were evaluated. The results did not show statistically significant changes of antioxidant status either in lungs or in the BALF, but the DNA damage was enhanced in both types of studied cells.

There are several reports about chronic intoxications, allergies or other pulmonary health problems of dwellers (especially babies) and workers from buildings contaminated with microfungi. Material from presented work was collected during the study of indoor fungal colonization of mouldy dwellings and public buildings in Slovakia. The isolated fungi were cultivated for 10 days in liquid media and their products -both endo-and exometabolites were isolated. The metabolites from four isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum, two of Aspergillus versicolor and one of Penicillium chrysogenum were used. Their effects were studied in vitro on rat alveolar epithelial type 2 cells, from the toxicological point of view one of the most important lung cells type. Type 2 cells were cultured for 20 hours in DMEM and then they were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of metabolites. The toxicity was evaluated by staining the cells for alkaline phosphatase which is a marker for this cell type. The toxic effect of metabolites from all isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum was dose dependent, there were differencies in the extent of cytotoxicity. From the tested microorganisms Stachabotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor showed high toxic effects (Stachybotrys higher than Aspergillus), while Penicillium chrysogenum only minor toxic effects in this test.

The development of CuSn intermetallic compound (IMC) at the solder/Cu joints interface had been studied using five Pb-free solders as SnAg3.0Cu0.5, SnAg3.5Cu0.7, SnAg1.0Cu0.5Bi1.0, SnAg1.5Cu0.7In9.5 and SnCu0.67In2.0 alloys (composition given in mass%). The effects of Bi and In additions on the intermetallic phase formation in the lead-free solder joints with copper substrate were studied. The soldering of the copper plate was conducted at 250°C for 5 s. The solder joint reliability of SnAg3.0Cu0.5 and SnCu0.67In2.0 alloys was assessed with the thermal cycling test in the range from ¹40°C to 150°C. Altogether 1500 cycles were carried out. The solder joints with SnAg3.5Cu0.7, SnAg1.0Cu0.5Bi1.0 and SnAg1.5Cu0.7In9.5 alloys were subsequently aged at temperatures of 130170°C for 216 days in a convection oven. The joints interface, activation energy, structural integrity were studied on the produced solder joints with optical microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) microanalysis. Designed solder alloys, mentioned above, reached the most suitable result for microelectronic. With the increase of the strain rate, the failure mode migrates from the ductile fracture in the bulk solder to the brittle fracture in the IMC layer.

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