No abstract

In mainstream economics (the neoclassic economics), it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a "black box" that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of "creative destruction", Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of "innovation" by using key concepts, such as "invention", "imitation", and "business cycles". Schumpeter's "creative destruction" concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts "technology" as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, "transaction costs" should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase's ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as "external" instead of "internal" limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of "technology" developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry betwen Schumpeter's and Coase's ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics (NIE) and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by "transaction costs". As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about "technology".

Political economy is related to how capitalist system works by means of distribution of economical and cultural sources which has also a connection between the circumstances of women’s working life. Because hegemony, which is reflected to hegemony’s ideology, constitutes its force by the mediation of the concepts: ‘discrimination’ and ‘segregation’. This force sometimes can effect women as both earning much less in some labor-force market, facing to harassment etc. and being obstructed to get top-level managerial positions in which institutes their work by means of political economy point of view.In this study, we will examine the art sector which is one of the sub-branches of service sector in the labor-force market. Our case is Ankara State Opera and Ballet (ASOB). In this case, we aim to display how the institution is founded, and accepted as a part of modernization with the beginning of Republic of Turkey and changed especially by means of political approaches in the last years.While doing this, we will elaborate the concepts of ‘discrimination’ and ‘segregation’ which issues women face in the labor-force market. Then, we will relate these three concepts with Antonio Gramsci’s ‘hegemony’ and Louis Althusser’s ‘ideology’, Michel Foucault’s ‘power’  and we will examine how women are assigned to the executive positions in the case of institution which we have chosen.We will study the circumstances which may be narrowed as; whether women are permitted to work in the top-level management or not, how many women have been worked in the top-level management in the history of the institution, if quantity has a meaning or not etc., by means of political economy.By the mediation of aforementioned subjects, we will analyse the reasons of women being prevented to work in the top-level management in the working life by economical, political and social aspects. Consequently, we will elaborate how political economy, in which implemented whole society's structure, creates hindrances for women in the working life.

Neoliberalism means “new liberalism.” It could be dated back to 18th century, but it is a term that belongs today. Since 1990, neoliberal rules gave many harmful effects, especially to developing countries, and those harmful effects have proceeded for labor class. As capitalism stands on its own feet, it can find solutions to regain profits. However, the concern may well be gaining too much profit gives harmful effects on a wide range of social classes. Neoliberalism is accepted as the tool of these effects by the majority of the economists. In this chapter, the authors scrutinize the consequences of neoliberalism by the mediation of two great philosophers who criticized capitalism in different ideas. Karl Polanyi's and Joseph A. Schumpeter's different opinions about capitalism will be scrutinized in order to understand the connection between capitalism and neoliberalism. So, in this study, starting with its name, neoliberalism's implementations will be scrutinized by two great philosophers.

New institutional economics (NIE) which does not pursue the aim and claim of sustaining the institutional tradition is interdisciplinary. It embodies traces of many sciences, such as law, economics, politics, sociology, etc. Being interdisciplinary not only does present various perspectives to NIE, but also makes it quite familiar to the mainstream economics (neoliberal economics). It makes NIE familiar to neoclassical economics, since it accepts the hypotheses, such as methodological individualism, market mechanism, etc. At the same time, it differs from the neoclassical essence, since it has put forward different points of view by adding bounded rationality, transaction costs, etc. Concepts into the literature of economics. As known, neoliberalism aims to eliminate any kind of barrier in front of the economies based on free market logic. However, neoliberalism is not only a stream aiming economic integration, but also a process having political, sociological, and class dimensions. The economic origins of neoliberalism should be searched in the mainstream economics. The economic streams, such as monetarism and supply-side economics, constitute the origins of neoliberal policies. This study aims to examine the correlation of NIE-which takes its economic origins from mainstream economics but improves by adding great differences to them-with neoliberalism. The new perspectives of neoliberalism developed by NEI, such as "bounded rationality", "transaction costs", and "property rights" will be discussed. Consequently, the correlation of neoliberalism concept-which has faced with serious criticisms especially in recent years-with NIE will be put forward; and the positive/negative aspects in these criticisms will be tried to present.