The present study aimed to investigate the association between communication skills and relationship satisfaction, after having controlled for some other important associates of relationship satisfaction, such as attachment styles and various problem-solving skills including sense of control, confidence, and attitudes of approach-avoidance. One-hundred-forty-two university students who were either currently involved in a romantic relationship, or who had a romantic relationship in the past participated in this study. As a result of hierarchical regression analysis consistent with the expectations, having secure attachment style and high self-confidence on possessed problem-solving abilities were found to be associated with the relationship satisfaction. Moreover, after controlling for the variance accounted for by these variables communication skills were still found to be associated with the relationship satisfaction. Findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature.

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Learned helplessness (LH) is considered a psychological trait, which occurs after repeated exposure to aversive and uncontrollable situations (Seligman, 1975). Such an exposure is found to lead motivational, cognitive, and emotional deficits. LH has also been linked to different psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and trauma-related depression. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been accepted as an efficacious treatment for PTSD, but evidence for its effectiveness as an early intervention is still preliminary. Also, there is some uncertainty regarding the role of eye movements in EMDR. The current randomized controlled study investigated whether a single 15-minute session of EMDR's Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol (R-TEP) could reduce the effects of laboratory-induced LH. The study further investigated whether R-TEP without eye movements would have the same effect. Using established experimental tasks, an LH state was induced via unsolvable maze tasks with effects measured by the participants' performance in solving anagrams. Results revealed that an LH state was successfully induced by the unsolvable mazes. R-TEP effectively reversed the negative effects of the LH state and was significantly more effective than no treatment controls and the R-TEP condition without eye movements, which was essentially a narrative exposure intervention. Results suggest that R-TEP can be successfully administered immediately following a distressful event, and that eye movements appear to be a necessary component of EMDR in reversing the cognitive, motivational, and/or emotional deficits induced by LH.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the State Anger Subscale of Spielberger using a sample of Turkish undergraduate students aged 18 to 31 years. The scale’s reliability and validity were assessed by examining its internal consistency, factor analytic structure, concurrent, and construct validity. Supporting the validity of the scale, one factor structure underlying the original form was replicated. A statistically significant relation between the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Novaco Anger Scale was also found. Regarding construct validity, an experimental manipulation using anger induction and imagination revealed a significant difference between experimental and control group. Overall, the findings indicate that the State Anger Subscale is a reliable and valid assessment tool for research and clinical practice to identify angry people in Turkey. Keywords: State anger, anger expression, adaptation, STAXI, emotions.