This paper examines the characteristics of students admitted to Russian universities with different levels of selectivity. First, we argue that students differ not only by the results of the Unified State Exam (USE), the university entrance exam, but by family and school characteristics, and by educational strategies. Next, it is shown that the probability of being admitted to the most selective HEIs is determined not only by the USE scores, but by characteristics that are not directly related to the applicants' abilities, such as class specialisation in secondary schools, and high school location. Moreover, we have found that income has an indirect impact on the admission results: a higher level of income increases the probability of being admitted to highly selective universities through the level of investment in pre-entry coaching and the regional differences in wages. On the other hand, regional differences in costs of living decrease the opportunities of studying in selective universities. Hence, schooling and financial barriers without alternative student support can limit the participation of less affluent students in selective universities.
В работе анализируется влияние дополнительной подготовки к поступлению в вуз на результаты ЕГЭ, а также оцениваются факторы, определяющие оценки ЕГЭ. Выявлено, что образование родителей, доход семьи, способности студента, обучение в гимназии или школе с углубленным изучением предметов значимо влияют на результаты ЕГЭ по русскому языку, математике, а также на средний балл ЕГЭ по всем сданным предметам. Посещение подготовительных курсов оказывает положительное, но умеренное влияние на результаты ЕГЭ. Занятия с репетитором положительно (но также умеренно) влияют на оценки только по русскому языку. Ключевые слова: единый государственный экзамен; подготовка к поступлению; образовательные стратегии. JEL classification: I21; I24; I28. 1 Проект реализован в рамках индивидуального гранта № R10-5291 при поддержке Консорциума экономических исследований и образования (EERC), финансируемого за счет средств, предоставленных Глобальной сетью развития. Данные, использованные в настоящем исследовании, получены Институтом институциональных исследований НИУ ВШЭ при поддержке Центра фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. Автор выражает признательность своим коллегам М. М. Юдкевич и Г. В. Андрущаку за плодотворную совместную работу по подготовке анкет, а также Т. Купе, Е. Низаловой, Дж. Наю и Дж. де Фрайа за ценные комментарии.
It is assumed that a perfect balance between student academic achievement and university quality is beneficial both for students and higher education institutions (HEIs). Matching theory predicts the existence of perfect matching between the two groups in the absence of transaction costs associated with university enrollment. However, in this study we show cases of mismatch situations in Russia under the Unified State Exam (USE) -the standardized student admission mechanism. This research studies the reasons for this phenomenon for minimal transaction costs and the emergence of unequal access to HEIs. Based on data on Moscow high school graduates who entered university, the determinants of the mismatch between the quality of universities and applicant abilities are assessed. It is shown that although in most cases favorable matching results are established, the individual student achievement results themselves are subject to the influence of school and family characteristics. Thus, inequality of access can be formed at stages preceding HEI enrollment.
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