This study was conducted to investigate optimum planting density for apartment complex. The validity of Landscape Architecture Criteria of Korea was checked for it. We compared our field data with Landscape Architecture Criteria. In this step, the tree density of urban forest was regarded as standard. Field study was examined in 3 apartment complexes located in capital area, especially completed during these 10 years. 10 sites in each complex were selected and tree density per unit area were calculated. This field study data was divided standard size and large size which received weight. And, it was compared and analyzed. And crown projected area(CPA) was calculated considering proper growth of low vegetation and sufficient shade. The outcome shows that minimum size of Landscape Architecture Criteria is rational. But, in the case of planting large size tree received weight, tree density was short comparing with the tree density of urban forest and CPA was less than 50%. By the result of field study in 3 apartment complex, the tree density of apartment complex satisfied or exceeded Landscape Architecture Criteria. But, in the case of planting large size tree, tree density and CPA show high density due to addition planting for deficient landscape. Therefore, the revision of the Landscape Architecture Criteria was required such as deletion or minimization of the weighted clause about the large size tree and regulate the limit CPA not less than 50% and not more than 100%.

We present a facile one-pot synthetic route for the production of palladium nanoparticles via a simple proton beam irradiation process at room temperature. The synthesis of size-controlled palladium nanostructures was realized just by changing the mean current of the proton beam and by controlling the molar concentration ratios of surfactants to Pd precursors in an aqueous phase-based solution without the addition of any harsh reductants. As the beam current was increased under the same Pd ion concentration conditions, the average diameter of the prepared Pd nanoparticles tended to be decreased. We also found that the size of the synthesized Pd nanocrystals was decreased as the molar ratio of surfactants to palladium ion was increased.

We present an easy one-pot synthesis route for the production of palladium nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-supported Pd-nanomaterial composites by a simple proton beam irradiation process in an aqueous solution at room temperature. Pristine and surface-modified MWCNTs were used to prepare MWCNT-Pd hybrids. Pd nanoparticles on the surfaces of MWCNTs were produced in situ in an aqueous solution without the addition of any harsh reducing agent. Pristine and thiolated MWCNTs were both densely decorated with spherical Pd nanoparticles and eventually Pd nanowire formation on MWCNTs was realized when reaction times exceeded 60 min. The thicknesses of Pd coatings on MWCNT surfaces were controlled by varying the concentration of MWCNTs in the reaction mixture. MWCNT-Pd composites were characterized by time-resolved transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the results obtained showed that Pd coatings were continuous, and resulted in a MWCNT-supported Pd nanowire structure.